DailyHebrew.com http://www.dailyhebrew.com Daily readings from Biblical Hebrew supplemented with vocabulary and syntax Mon, 01 Mar 2010 17:14:23 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.9.2 en hourly 1 Goldwasser on the Proto-Sinaitic Alphabet http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/03/01/goldwasser-on-the-proto-sinaitic-alphabet/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/03/01/goldwasser-on-the-proto-sinaitic-alphabet/#comments Mon, 01 Mar 2010 17:12:29 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/03/01/goldwasser-on-the-proto-sinaitic-alphabet/ This BAR article is a nice summary of her 2006 Egypt and the Levant article: "Canaanites Reading Hieroglyphs: Horus is Hathor? – The Invention of the Alphabet in Sinai."

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iPad = iTablet? http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/27/ipad-itablet/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/27/ipad-itablet/#comments Thu, 28 Jan 2010 03:41:57 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=949

I'm a PC.  But on a day when Apple introduces an exciting new product, it is difficult not to peer on with interest and even a bit of glee.  By combining features of the netbook and the Kindle, the iPad is primed to launch the tablet into the mainstream.  That said, one thing I found extremely interesting about the aforementioned device is its physical form.

Does this remind you of something else?

 

(Cornell University Library)

Notice that the beveled back and flat front are analogous to that of the cuneiform tablet.  Unlike the molded plastic, glass, and aluminum of the iPad, the clay tablet's shape is determined pragmatically by the conditions of its composition—upon completion, a tablet typically was left to dry with the recto (i.e. the reverse) facing upwards, thus gravity would pull the edges downward forming the characteristic shape of a flat front side and curved back.  It should be noted, though, that Steve Jobs is not the first to copy this shape in a non-clay medium, imitations of the distinctive contour were made in stone and bronze in the ancient near east, and now it has been replicated in the iPad three millennium after the extinction of the original form.  Let no one say that cultural memory is short! 

Now if only the Apps store had a copy of the Ba'al Cycle…

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BASOR 356 Article http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/21/basor-356-article/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/21/basor-356-article/#comments Thu, 21 Jan 2010 22:16:12 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=947 Some of you may be interested in a short article in the most recent Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research  entitled, "Two New Inscriptions from Zincirli and Its Environs" (Table of Contents).  Others (who are not related to me) will find the other articles by the Zincirli excavation team more to your liking, including Pardee's editio princeps

Be sure to check out BASOR 356, it is a great edition put together by Jim Weinstein dedicated to the recent finds of the Oriental Institute expedition, most notably the "Kuttamuwa" (KTMW) inscription.

(The back story may be found here, here, and here.)

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UPDATE: 10th Century Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscription http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/07/update-10th-century-khirbet-qeiyafa-inscription/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/07/update-10th-century-khirbet-qeiyafa-inscription/#comments Fri, 08 Jan 2010 01:04:41 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=943 Along with a translation, a copy of the text  is provided at EurekAlert!

Click for larger image 

View the previous DH.com posts here.

(HT: agade)

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Genesis 42:26-28 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/07/genesis-4226-28/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/07/genesis-4226-28/#comments Thu, 07 Jan 2010 22:40:52 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=941

וַיִּשְׂא֥וּ אֶת־שִׁבְרָ֖ם עַל־חֲמֹרֵיהֶ֑ם וַיֵּלְכ֖וּ מִשָּֽׁם׃ 27 וַיִּפְתַּ֨ח הָאֶחָ֜ד אֶת־שַׂקֹּ֗ו לָתֵ֥ת מִסְפּ֛וֹא לַחֲמֹרֹ֖ו בַּמָּל֑וֹן וַיַּרְא֙ אֶת־כַּסְפֹּ֔ו וְהִנֵּה־ה֖וּא בְּפִ֥י אַמְתַּחְתּוֹֽ׃ 28 וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֶל־אֶחָיו֙ הוּשַׁ֣ב כַּסְפִּ֔י וְגַ֖ם הִנֵּ֣ה בְאַמְתַּחְתִּ֑י וַיֵּצֵ֣א לִבָּ֗ם וַיֶּֽחֶרְד֞וּ אִ֤ישׁ אֶל־אָחִיו֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר מַה־זֹּ֛את עָשָׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים לָֽנוּ׃

Vocabulary

Verse 26

            שׁבר noun: "grain" (BDB, 991)

            חמר noun: "donkey" (BDB, 331)

Verse 27

            פתח verb: "open"

            שׂק noun: "sack" (BDB, 974)

            מספוא noun: "fodder" (BDB, 704)

            חמר noun: "donkey" (BDB, 331)

            מלון noun: "lodging place" (BDB, 533)

            אמתחת noun: "sack" (BDB, 607)

Verse 28

            אמתחת noun: "sack" (BDB, 607)

            חרד verb: "tremble, be terrified" (BDB, 353)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 26

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיִּשְׂא֥וּ אֶת־שִׁבְרָ֖ם עַל־חֲמֹרֵיהֶ֑ם): V-O-M
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיֵּלְכ֖וּ מִשָּֽׁם): V-M

Verse 27

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיִּפְתַּ֨ח הָאֶחָ֜ד אֶת־שַׂקֹּ֗ו לָתֵ֥ת מִסְפּ֛וֹא לַחֲמֹרֹ֖ו בַּמָּל֑וֹן): V-S-O-M
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיַּרְא֙ אֶת־כַּסְפֹּ֔ו): V-O
  • Clause Structure 3 (וְהִנֵּה־ה֖וּא בְּפִ֥י אַמְתַּחְתּוֹֽ): S-P
    • The independent pronoun may be omitted in verbless clauses with הנה, but here both are present (J-M 146h).

Verse 28

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֶל־אֶחָיו֙ הוּשַׁ֣ב כַּסְפִּ֔י וְגַ֖ם הִנֵּ֣ה בְאַמְתַּחְתִּ֑י): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (הוּשַׁ֣ב כַּסְפִּ֔י): V-S
  • Embedded Structure B (וְגַ֖ם הִנֵּ֣ה בְאַמְתַּחְתִּ֑י): S-P
    • Unlike the previous verse, the pronoun is omitted here (J-M 146h; GKC 147b).
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיֵּצֵ֣א לִבָּ֗ם): V-S
  • Clause Structure 3 (וַיֶּֽחֶרְד֞וּ אִ֤ישׁ אֶל־אָחִיו֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר מַה־זֹּ֛את עָשָׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים לָֽנוּ): V-S-M
    • For the nuance of אישׁ אל אחיו in this clause with the verb חרד, see GKC 119gg, J-M 133b and W-O 11.2.2a n. 19.
  • Embedded Structure A (מַה־זֹּ֛את): P-S
  • Embedded Structure B (עָשָׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים לָֽנוּ): V-S-M
    • This clause is asyndetic and should be understood as a relative.

 

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Genesis 42:23-25 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/06/genesis-4223-25/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/06/genesis-4223-25/#comments Wed, 06 Jan 2010 14:50:01 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=939

וְהֵם֙ לֹ֣א יָֽדְע֔וּ כִּ֥י שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף כִּ֥י הַמֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽם׃ 24 וַיִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֖ם וַיֵּ֑בְךְּ וַיָּ֤שָׁב אֲלֵהֶם֙ וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֔ם וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֵֽאִתָּם֙ אֶת־שִׁמְע֔וֹן וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ר אֹתוֹ֖ לְעֵינֵיהֶֽם׃ 25 וַיְצַ֣ו יוֹסֵ֗ף וַיְמַלְא֣וּ אֶת־כְּלֵיהֶם֮ בָּר֒ וּלְהָשִׁ֤יב כַּסְפֵּיהֶם֙ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־שַׂקֹּ֔ו וְלָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה לַדָּ֑רֶךְ וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם כֵּֽן׃

Vocabulary

Verse 23

            ליץ verb (Hiphil participle m.s. absolute): "interpret; deride" (BDB, 539)

Verse 24

            סבב verb: "turn (around); surround"

            בכה verb: "weep"

            שׁמעון name: "Simeon" (BDB, 1035)

            אסר verb: "bind" (BDB, 63)

Verse 25

            בר noun: "grain" (BDB, 141)

            שׂק noun: "sack" (BDB, 974)

            צדה noun: "food, provision(s)" (BDB, 845)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 23

  • Clause Structure 1 (וְהֵם֙ לֹ֣א יָֽדְע֔וּ כִּ֥י שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף כִּ֥י הַמֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽם): S-V-O
  • Clause Structure 2 (שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף): V-S
  • Clause Structure 3 (כִּ֥י הַמֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽם): S-P
    • The participle may best be taken as a substantive (W-O 13.5.1e).
    • The preposition בינת is a biform of בֵּין "between."

Verse 24

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֖ם): V-M
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיֵּ֑בְךְּ): V
  • Clause Structure 3 (וַיָּ֤שָׁב אֲלֵהֶם֙): V-M
  • Clause Structure 4 (וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֔ם): V-M
  • Clause Structure 5 (וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֵֽאִתָּם֙ אֶת־שִׁמְע֔וֹן): V-M-O
  • Clause Structure 6 (וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ר אֹתוֹ֖ לְעֵינֵיהֶֽם): V-O-M

Verse 25

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיְצַ֣ו יוֹסֵ֗ף): V-S
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיְמַלְא֣וּ אֶת־כְּלֵיהֶם֮ בָּר֒): V-O-O
    • The present command formula with a conjunction and a finite form may have also been written, למלא, that is, as an infinitive (as in the following infinitival clauses), albeit with a slight variation in meaning (GKC 120f; J-M 177j).
    • The Piel of מלא takes two objects: the item being filled and the substance filling it (W-O 10.2.3e).
  • Clause Structure 3 (וּלְהָשִׁ֤יב כַּסְפֵּיהֶם֙ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־שַׂקֹּ֔ו): V-O-M
    • The pronominal form of כספיהם combines the singular base (*qatl) with the plural morpheme, -ey, yielding an unexpected form (GKC 93m; cf. J-M 96Ad).
  • Clause Structure 4 (וְלָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה לַדָּ֑רֶךְ): V-M-O-M
  • Clause Structure 5 (וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם כֵּֽן): V-M

 

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Genesis 42:18-22 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/05/genesis-4218-22/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/05/genesis-4218-22/#comments Tue, 05 Jan 2010 14:46:35 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=937

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י זֹ֥את עֲשׂ֖וּ וִֽחְי֑וּ אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲנִ֥י יָרֵֽא׃ 19 אִם־כֵּנִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם אֲחִיכֶ֣ם אֶחָ֔ד יֵאָסֵ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית מִשְׁמַרְכֶ֑ם וְאַתֶּם֙ לְכ֣וּ הָבִ֔יאוּ שֶׁ֖בֶר רַעֲב֥וֹן בָּתֵּיכֶֽם׃ 20 וְאֶת־אֲחִיכֶ֤ם הַקָּטֹן֙ תָּבִ֣יאוּ אֵלַ֔י וְיֵאָמְנ֥וּ דִבְרֵיכֶ֖ם וְלֹ֣א תָמ֑וּתוּ וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן׃ 21 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־אָחִ֗יו אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים׀ אֲנַחְנוּ֮ עַל־אָחִינוּ֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשֹׁ֛ו בְּהִתְחַֽנְנֹ֥ו אֵלֵ֖ינוּ וְלֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ עַל־כֵּן֙ בָּ֣אָה אֵלֵ֔ינוּ הַצָּרָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת׃ 22 וַיַּעַן֩ רְאוּבֵ֨ן אֹתָ֜ם לֵאמֹ֗ר הֲלוֹא֩ אָמַ֨רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֧ם׀ לֵאמֹ֛ר אַל־תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַיֶּ֖לֶד וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם וְגַם־דָּמֹ֖ו הִנֵּ֥ה נִדְרָֽשׁ׃

Vocabulary

Verse 18

            שׁלישׁי adjective: "third"

Verse 19

            כן adjective: "right; honest" (BDB, 467)

            אסר verb: "bind" (BDB, 1038)

            משׁמר noun: "prison" (BDB, 63)

            שׁבר noun: "grain" (BDB, 991)

            רעבון noun: "famine" (BDB, 944)

Verse 20

            קטן adjective: "small; young"

            אמן verb: "confirm, support; trust, believe" (BDB, 52)

Verse 21

            אבל adverb: "truly" (BDB, 6)

            אשׁם adjective: "guilty" (BDB, 79)

            אנחנו pronoun: "we"

            צרה noun: "distress, need" (BDB, 865)

            חנן verb: "show favor, be gracious" (BDB, 335)

Verse 22

            ראובן name: "Reuben" (BDB, 910)

            ילד noun: "boy" (BDB, 409)

            דרשׁ verb: "seek"

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 18

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י זֹ֥את עֲשׂ֖וּ וִֽחְי֑וּ אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲנִ֥י יָרֵֽא): V-M-S-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (זֹ֥את עֲשׂ֖וּ): O-V
    • This and the following clause may be understood as a pure volitive, "Do this and live" (GKC 110f), or as a conditional clause (J-M 119m, 167u).
  • Embedded Structure B (וִֽחְי֑וּ): V
  • Embedded Structure C (אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲנִ֥י יָרֵֽא): S-P
    • The initial constituent may be understood as the object of the verbal adjective (J-M 121l) or as a prepositional clause.  The former would require את to be the definite direct object marker; for the latter, it would be the preposition.

Verse 19

  • Embedded Structure D (אִם־כֵּנִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם): P-S
  • Embedded Structure E (אֲחִיכֶ֣ם אֶחָ֔ד יֵאָסֵ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית מִשְׁמַרְכֶ֑ם): S-V-M
  • Embedded Structure F (וְאַתֶּם֙ לְכ֣וּ): S-V
    • An explicit subject is placed first to contrast with the previous clause wherein the subject is אחיכם אחד.
  • Embedded Structure G (הָבִ֔יאוּ שֶׁ֖בֶר רַעֲב֥וֹן בָּתֵּיכֶֽם): V-O-M

Verse 20

  • Embedded Structure H (וְאֶת־אֲחִיכֶ֤ם הַקָּטֹן֙ תָּבִ֣יאוּ אֵלַ֔י): O-V-M
  • Embedded Structure I (וְיֵאָמְנ֥וּ דִבְרֵיכֶ֖ם): V-S
  • Embedded Structure J (וְלֹ֣א תָמ֑וּתוּ): V
  • Embedded Structure K (וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן): V-O

Verse 21

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־אָחִ֗יו אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים׀ אֲנַחְנוּ֮ עַל־אָחִינוּ֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשֹׁ֛ו בְּהִתְחַֽנְנֹ֥ו אֵלֵ֖ינוּ וְלֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ עַל־כֵּן֙ בָּ֣אָה אֵלֵ֔ינוּ הַצָּרָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת): V-S-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים׀ אֲנַחְנוּ֮ עַל־אָחִינוּ֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשֹׁ֛ו בְּהִתְחַֽנְנֹ֥ו אֵלֵ֖ינוּ וְלֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ): P-S
    • The relative may have a causal sense, "because" (J-M 170e).
  • Embedded Structure i (רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשֹׁ֛ו בְּהִתְחַֽנְנֹ֥ו אֵלֵ֖ינוּ): V-O-M
  • Embedded Structure ii (וְלֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ): V-O
  • Embedded Structure B (עַל־כֵּן֙ בָּ֣אָה אֵלֵ֔ינוּ הַצָּרָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת): V-M-S

Verse 22

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיַּעַן֩ רְאוּבֵ֨ן אֹתָ֜ם לֵאמֹ֗ר הֲלוֹא֩ אָמַ֨רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֧ם׀ לֵאמֹ֛ר אַל־תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַיֶּ֖לֶד וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם וְגַם־דָּמֹ֖ו הִנֵּ֥ה נִדְרָֽשׁ): V-S-O-M
  • Embedded Structure A (הֲלוֹא֩ אָמַ֨רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֧ם׀ לֵאמֹ֛ר אַל־תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַיֶּ֖לֶד וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם וְגַם־דָּמֹ֖ו הִנֵּ֥ה נִדְרָֽשׁ): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure i (אַל־תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַיֶּ֖לֶד): V-M
  • Embedded Structure ii (וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם): V
  • Embedded Structure iii (וְגַם־דָּמֹ֖ו הִנֵּ֥ה נִדְרָֽשׁ): S-V

 

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Genesis 42:14-17 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/04/genesis-4214-17/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2010/01/04/genesis-4214-17/#comments Mon, 04 Jan 2010 15:51:55 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=935

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֖ם יוֹסֵ֑ף ה֗וּא אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבַּ֧רְתִּי אֲלֵכֶ֛ם לֵאמֹ֖ר מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם׃ 15 בְּזֹ֖את תִּבָּחֵ֑נוּ חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ אִם־תֵּצְא֣וּ מִזֶּ֔ה כִּ֧י אִם־בְּב֛וֹא אֲחִיכֶ֥ם הַקָּטֹ֖ן הֵֽנָּה׃ 16 שִׁלְח֨וּ מִכֶּ֣ם אֶחָד֮ וְיִקַּ֣ח אֶת־אֲחִיכֶם֒ וְאַתֶּם֙ הֵאָ֣סְר֔וּ וְיִבָּֽחֲנוּ֙ דִּבְרֵיכֶ֔ם הַֽאֱמֶ֖ת אִתְּכֶ֑ם וְאִם־לֹ֕א חֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה כִּ֥י מְרַגְּלִ֖ים אַתֶּֽם׃ 17 וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ף אֹתָ֛ם אֶל־מִשְׁמָ֖ר שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים׃

Vocabulary

Verse 14

            רגל verb (Piel participle mpl): "spy" (BDB, 920)

Verse 15

            בחן verb (Niphal imperfect 2mpl): "be tried, proved" (BDB, 103)

            כי אם conj.: "except, unless; but (rather)"

            קטן adjective: "small, young"

Verse 16

            אסר verb (Niphal imperative mpl): "bind, imprison" (BDB, 63)

בחן verb (Niphal waw-consecutive imperfect 3mpl): "be tried, proved" (BDB, 103)

            אמת noun: "truth"

            רגל verb (Piel participle mpl): "spy" (BDB, 920)

Verse 17

            אסף verb: "gather, put together; remove"

            משׁמר noun: "prison" (BDB, 1038)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 14

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֖ם יוֹסֵ֑ף ה֗וּא אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבַּ֧רְתִּי אֲלֵכֶ֛ם לֵאמֹ֖ר מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם): V-M-S-O
  • Embedded Structure A (ה֗וּא אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבַּ֧רְתִּי אֲלֵכֶ֛ם לֵאמֹ֖ר מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם): S-P
    • The pronoun may be understood as either the demonstrative "this" or as "it" (cf. J-M 152b).
  • Embedded Structure i (דִּבַּ֧רְתִּי אֲלֵכֶ֛ם לֵאמֹ֖ר מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם): V-M
  • Embedded Structure a (מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם): P-S

Verse 15

  • Embedded Structure B (בְּזֹ֖את תִּבָּחֵ֑נוּ): M-V
  • Embedded Structure C (חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ אִם־תֵּצְא֣וּ מִזֶּ֔ה): M-V-M
    • The oath formula, חי פרעה, may be understood: "by the life of Pharaoh" or "as Pharaoh lives."  The formulation is also used with other PN (see Elijah's proclamation in 1 Kings 18:15).
  • Embedded Structure D (כִּ֧י אִם־בְּב֛וֹא אֲחִיכֶ֥ם הַקָּטֹ֖ן הֵֽנָּה): V-S-M
    • The infinitive takes the subject, אחיכם הקטן, in this restrictive clause.

Verse 16

  • Embedded Structure E (שִׁלְח֨וּ מִכֶּ֣ם אֶחָד֮): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure F (וְיִקַּ֣ח אֶת־אֲחִיכֶם֒): V-O
  • Embedded Structure G (וְאַתֶּם֙ הֵאָ֣סְר֔וּ): S-V
    • See J-M 114o (also GKC 110c) for a further explanation of the imperative used as a modal.
  • Embedded Structure H (וְיִבָּֽחֲנוּ֙ דִּבְרֵיכֶ֔ם): V-S
  • Embedded Structure I (הַֽאֱמֶ֖ת אִתְּכֶ֑ם): S-P
  • Embedded Structure J (וְאִם־לֹ֕א חֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה כִּ֥י מְרַגְּלִ֖ים אַתֶּֽם): P-S
    • The כי functions as the confirmatory adverb, "surely, indeed" (MNK 40.9.2.5).

Verse 17

  • Embedded Structure K (וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ף אֹתָ֛ם אֶל־מִשְׁמָ֖ר שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים): V-O-M

 

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Genesis 42:9-13 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2009/12/17/genesis-429-13/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2009/12/17/genesis-429-13/#comments Thu, 17 Dec 2009 16:34:27 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=933

וַיִּזְכֹּ֣ר יוֹסֵ֔ף אֵ֚ת הַחֲלֹמ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָלַ֖ם לָהֶ֑ם וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵהֶם֙ מְרַגְּלִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם לִרְא֛וֹת אֶת־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶֽם׃ 10 וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו לֹ֣א אֲדֹנִ֑י וַעֲבָדֶ֥יךָ בָּ֖אוּ לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל׃ 11 כֻּלָּ֕נוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד נָ֑חְנוּ כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנַ֔חְנוּ לֹא־הָי֥וּ עֲבָדֶ֖יךָ מְרַגְּלִֽים׃ 12 וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֑ם לֹ֕א כִּֽי־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶ֥ם לִרְאֽוֹת׃ 13 וַיֹּאמְר֗וּ שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂר֩ עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ אַחִ֧ים׀ אֲנַ֛חְנוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן וְהִנֵּ֨ה הַקָּטֹ֤ן אֶת־אָבִ֨ינוּ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם וְהָאֶחָ֖ד אֵינֶֽנּוּ׃

Vocabulary

Verse 9

            חלום noun: "dream" (BDB, 321)

            חלם verb: "dream" (BDB, 321)

            רגל verb (Piel participle m.pl. abs.): "spy, explore; slander" (BDB, 920)

            ערוה noun: "nakedness" (BDB, 788)

Verse 10

            שׁבר verb: "buy, sell grain" (BDB, 991)

            אכל noun: "bread" (BDB, 38)

Verse 11

            נחנו pronoun: "we" (BDB, 59)

            כן adjective: "right, honest" (BDB, 467)

            אנחנו pronoun: "we" (BDB, 58)

Verse 12

            ערוה noun: "nakedness" (BDB, 788)

Verse 13

            אנחנו pronoun: "we" (BDB, 58)

            כנען name: "Canaan" (BDB, 488)

            קטן adjective: "smallest, youngest" (BDB, 881)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 9

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיִּזְכֹּ֣ר יוֹסֵ֔ף אֵ֚ת הַחֲלֹמ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָלַ֖ם לָהֶ֑ם): V-S-O
  • Embedded Structure A (חָלַ֖ם לָהֶ֑ם): V-M
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵהֶם֙ מְרַגְּלִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם לִרְא֛וֹת אֶת־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶֽם): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (מְרַגְּלִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם): P-S
    • This clause is best analyzed as a simple verbless clause (W-O 4.5c, 8.4.2e; MNK 46.2.2, 47.3)
  • Embedded Structure B (לִרְא֛וֹת אֶת־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶֽם): M-V
    • The lack of clause connection marks a close connection to the previous embedded clause.
    • The clause initial infinitive (cf. GKC 114g) denotes the purpose, goal or aim of the verbal action (J-M 124l, 155r).
    • The verb is a simple 2 person plural perfect (suffix conjugation).

Verse 10

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו לֹ֣א אֲדֹנִ֑י וַעֲבָדֶ֥יךָ בָּ֖אוּ לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (לֹ֣א אֲדֹנִ֑י): P
    • The negative marks a privation of the previous clause, and the noun is understood as a vocative.
  • Embedded Structure B (וַעֲבָדֶ֥יךָ בָּ֖אוּ לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל): S-V-M
    • The waw is disjunctive (J-M 172a).

Verse 11

  • Embedded Structure C (כֻּלָּ֕נוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד נָ֑חְנוּ): S-P
  • Embedded Structure D (כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנַ֔חְנוּ): P-S
    • The form of the first person plural independent pronominal suffix in the previous clause, נחנו, is more common in broader Semitic, but the form with the initial aleph אנחנו is the more common Hebrew form, possibly derived on analogy with the singular form אני (cf. GKC 32d).
  • Embedded Structure E (לֹא־הָי֥וּ עֲבָדֶ֖יךָ מְרַגְּלִֽים): V-S-O
    • A negative non-past constructive requires either לא היה or the particle אין, which is typically used with non-explicit subjects.

Verse 12

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֑ם לֹ֕א כִּֽי־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶ֥ם לִרְאֽוֹת): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (לֹ֕א): P
    • See comment above (also MNK 41.5.8.1).
  • Embedded Structure B (כִּֽי־עֶרְוַ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ בָּאתֶ֥ם לִרְאֽוֹת): M-V-M

Verse 13

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיֹּאמְר֗וּ שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂר֩ עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ אַחִ֧ים׀ אֲנַ֛חְנוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן וְהִנֵּ֨ה הַקָּטֹ֤ן אֶת־אָבִ֨ינוּ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם וְהָאֶחָ֖ד אֵינֶֽנּוּ): V-O
  • Embedded Structure A (שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂר֩ עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ אַחִ֧ים׀): S-P
    • For the number formation see W-O 15.2.3b.
  • Embedded Structure B (אֲנַ֛חְנוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן): S-P
  • Embedded Structure C (וְהִנֵּ֨ה הַקָּטֹ֤ן אֶת־אָבִ֨ינוּ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם): S-P
    • The adjective הקטן indicates the superlative (GKC 133g; W-O 14.5c).
  • Embedded Structure D (וְהָאֶחָ֖ד אֵינֶֽנּוּ): P-S
    • The negative existence marker is used to connote that one is no longer alive (GKC 152m).

 

 

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Genesis 42:6-8 http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2009/12/14/genesis-426-8/ http://www.dailyhebrew.com/2009/12/14/genesis-426-8/#comments Mon, 14 Dec 2009 19:26:07 +0000 Hardy http://www.dailyhebrew.com/?p=931

וְיוֹסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַשַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ ה֥וּא הַמַּשְׁבִּ֖יר לְכָל־עַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף וַיִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לוֹ֥ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָה׃ 7 וַיַּ֥רְא יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־אֶחָ֖יו וַיַּכִּרֵ֑ם וַיִּתְנַכֵּ֨ר אֲלֵיהֶ֜ם וַיְדַבֵּ֧ר אִתָּ֣ם קָשׁ֗וֹת וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵהֶם֙ מֵאַ֣יִן בָּאתֶ֔ם וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ כְּנַ֖עַן לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל׃ 8 וַיַּכֵּ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶת־אֶחָ֑יו וְהֵ֖ם לֹ֥א הִכִּרֻֽהוּ׃

Vocabulary

Verse 6

            שׁליט noun: "ruler" (BDB, 1020)

            שׁבר verb (Hiphil participle m.s. abs): "buy, sell grain" (BDB, 991)

            חוה verb: "bow down"

Verse 7

נכר verb: (Niphal) "recognize; regard"; (Hithpael) "make oneself known" (BDB, 647)

            קשׁה adjective: "difficult, hard" (BDB, 904)

            אין interrogative: "whence" (BDB, 34)

            כנען name: "Canaan"

            שׁבר verb: "buy, sell grain" (BDB, 991)

            אכל noun: "food" (BDB, 38)

Verse 8

נכר verb: "recognize; regard" (BDB, 647)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 6

  • Clause Structure 1 (וְיוֹסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַשַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ): S-P
    • The pronoun in this clause serves as a simple copula (cf. W-O 16.3.3c; J-M 137l).
  • Clause Structure 2 (ה֥וּא הַמַּשְׁבִּ֖יר לְכָל־עַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ): S-P
    • Narrative clauses which do not begin with a conjunction regularly provide epexegetical, or explanative, information pertaining to, but not essential to, the main narrative.
  • Clause Structure 3 (וַיָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף): V-S
  • Clause Structure 4 (וַיִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לוֹ֥ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָה): V-M
    • The adverbial noun phrase, אפים ארצה, is semantically redundant, but highlights the position of the brothers with respect to Joseph.

Verse 7

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיַּ֥רְא יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת־אֶחָ֖יו): V-S-O
  • Clause Structure 2 (וַיַּכִּרֵ֑ם): V-O
  • Clause Structure 3 (וַיִּתְנַכֵּ֨ר אֲלֵיהֶ֜ם): V-M
  • Clause Structure 4 (וַיְדַבֵּ֧ר אִתָּ֣ם קָשׁ֗וֹת): V-M
    • For more on the feminine formation of קשׁה see J-M 134n.
  • Clause Structure 5 (וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵהֶם֙ מֵאַ֣יִן בָּאתֶ֔ם): V-M-O
  • Embedded Structure A (מֵאַ֣יִן בָּאתֶ֔ם): M-V
  • Clause Structure 6 (וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ כְּנַ֖עַן לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל): V-O
  • Embedded Structure A (מֵאֶ֥רֶץ כְּנַ֖עַן לִשְׁבָּר־אֹֽכֶל): [V-]M
    • In the answer to a question, the verbal idea may be elided; the present context assumes באנו as the verb which is further modified by the infinitive.

Verse 8

  • Clause Structure 1 (וַיַּכֵּ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶת־אֶחָ֑יו): V-S-O
  • Clause Structure 2 (וְהֵ֖ם לֹ֥א הִכִּרֻֽהוּ): S-V-O
    • The independent pronoun is used to indicate a narrative disjunction, particularly highlighting the change in subject from Joseph to his brothers (cf. J-M 155na).

 

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