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Hebrew Tools

Grammars:

Ball, C. A Hebrew Primer. London: Bagster, 1878. (pdf)

Ballin, A. A Hebrew Grammar with Exercises Selected from the Bible. London: Kegan Paul, 1881. (pdf)

Bickell, G. Outlines of Hebrew Grammar. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1877. (pdf)

Canney, M. Materials for Hebrew Composition. Manchester: Sherratt and Hughes, 1913. (pdf)

Coffey, H. Accidence of Hebrew Grammar. London: Herder, 1918. (pdf)

Davidson, A. Introductory Hebrew Grammar: Hebrew Syntax. Edinburgh: Clark, 1896. (pdf)

Davidson, A. Introductory Hebrew Grammar: Hebrew Syntax. Third Edition.

De Burgh, W. A Compendium of Hebrew Grammar. Dublin: McGlashan, 1847. (pdf)

Deutsch, S. A New Practical Hebrew Grammar. New York: Leypoldt and Holt, 1868. (pdf)

Edinburgh: Clark, 1902. (pdf)

Ewald, H. Syntax of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament. London: Whittaker, 1836. (pdf)

Ewald, H. Ewald’s Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Trans by Smith, F. from 3^rd German ed. London: Asher, 1870. (pdf)

Ewald, H. Syntax of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament. Edinburgh: Clark, 1891. (pdf)

Geden, A. Outlines of Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Edinburgh: Clark, 1909. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Ausführliches grammatisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache. Leipzig: Vogel, 1817. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Trans. by Conant, T. from 11^th ed. Boston: Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln, 1845. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Trans by Rödiger, E. London: Bagster, 1850. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Hebrew Grammar. Trans. by Conant, T. from 17^th ed. New York: Appleton, 1859. (pdf)

Gräfenhan, E. An Introduction to Writing Hebrew. Oxford: Talbeys, 1836. (pdf)

Green, W. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. New York: Wiley, 1871. (pdf)

Green, W. An Elementary Hebrew Grammar. New York: Wiley, 1882. (pdf)

Hackett, H. Exercises in Hebrew Grammar. Andover: Allen, Morrill, and Wardwell, 1847. (pdf)

Harper, W. Elements of Hebrew by an Inductive Method. 7^th ed. Chicago: American Publication Society of Hebrew, 1886. (pdf)

Harper, W. Introductory Hebrew Method and Manual. New York: Scribner, 1896. (pdf)

Hurwitz, H. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. 2^nd ed. London: Taylor, 1835. (pdf)

Hurwitz, H. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. 3^rd ed. London: Taylor and Walton, 1891. (pdf)

Kautzsch, E. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Trans. and rev. by Cowley, A. from 26^th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. (pdf)

Kautzsch, E. Wilhelm Gesenius’ Hebräische Grammatik. Trans by Cowley, A. Leipzig: Vogel, 1909. (pdf)

Kautzsch, E. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Trans by Cowley, A. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. (pdf)

Kennedy, J. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. London: Williams and Norgate, 1889. (pdf)

Land, J. The Principles of Hebrew Grammar. Trans by Poole, R. London: Trübner, 1876. (pdf)

McCaul, A. Introduction to Hebrew Grammar for the Use of Beginners. London: Parker, 1847. (pdf)

Meyrowitz, A. Hebrew Grammar. New York: University of Missouri, 1877 (pdf)

Müller, F. Outlines of Hebrew Syntax. Trans and ed. By Robertson, J. Glasgow: Maclehose, 1883. (pdf)

Nordheimer, I. Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1842. (pdf)

Nordheimer, I. Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language. Vol. 2. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1841. (pdf)

Price, E. The Elements of Hebrew. Philadelphia: Academy Book Room, 1922. (pdf)

Sebag, S. The Hebrew Primer and Reading Book. London: 1871. (pdf)

Seixas, J. A Manual Hebrew Grammar for the Use of Beginners. Andover: Gould and Newman, 1834. (pdf)

Stuart, M. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. 3^rd ed. Andover: Codman, 1828. (pdf)

Stuart, M. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. 4^th ed. Oxford: Talboys, 1831. (pdf)

Wijnkoop, J. Manual of Hebrew Grammar. Trans by van den Biesen, C. London: Luzac, 1897. (pdf)

Wijnkoop, J. Manual of Hebrew Grammar. Trans by van den Biesen, C. Revised. London: Luzac, 1898. (pdf)

Wilson, R. A Hebrew Grammar for Beginners. Leipzig: Drugulin, 1908. (pdf)

 

Lexica:

Bresslau, M. Hebrew and English Dictionary. London: Weale, 1855. (pdf)

Brown, F. et al. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1906. (pdf)

Davidson, Benjamin – The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (pdf)

Davies, Benjamin – A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (pdf)

Frey, J. A Hebrew and English Dictionary. London: Tegg, 1842. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Trans by Gibbs, J. Andover: Flagg and Gould, 1824. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. A Hebrew and English Lexicon to the Old Testament. Trans by Gibbs, J. London: Howell and Stewart, 1827. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. Gesenius’s Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. Trans by Tregelles, S. London: Bagster, 1857. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Trans by Robinson, E. 18^th ed. Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1865. (pdf)

Gesenius, W. An English-Hebrew Lexicon. Trans by Robinson, E. New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1877. (pdf)

Gibbs, J. A Manuel Hebrew and English Lexicon. New Haven: Howe, 1832. (pdf)

Josephs, M. An English and Hebrew Lexicon. London: Wertheim, 1834. (pdf)

Lee, S. A Lexicon, Hebrew, Chaldee, and English. London: Duncan and Malcom, 1840. (pdf)

Newman, S. An English and Hebrew Lexicon. London, 1832. (pdf)

Parkhurst, John – Hebrew Lexicon and Grammar (pdf)

Rainey, W. Hebrew Vocabularies: Lists of the Most Frequently Occurring Hebrew Words. 4^th ed. New York: Scribners, 1898. (pdf)

Robertson, W. Robertson’s Compendious Hebrew Dictionary. Rev by Joseph, N.  Bath: Cruttwell, 1814. (pdf)

Waldstein, A. English-Hebrew Dictionary. 2^nd ed. Jerusalem: Mizpah. (pdf)

 

Studies in Semitic Philology:

The Weak and Geminative Verbs in Hebrew. Trans by Jastrow, M. Leide: Brill, 1897. (pdf)

Brown, F. et al. Old Testament and Semitic Studies in Memory of William R. Harper. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1908. (pdf)

Brown, F. et al. Old Testament and Semitic Studies in Memory of William R. Harper. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1908. (pdf)

Brown, F. Assyriology: Its Use and Abuse in Old Testament Study. New York: Scribner, 1885. (pdf)

Burgess, W. Notes, Chiefly Critical and Philological, on the Hebrew Psalms. London: Williams and Norgate, 1879. (pdf)

Dalman, G. The Words of Jesus: Considered in the Light of Post-Biblical Jewish Writings and the Aramaic Language. Edinburgh: Clark, 1902. (pdf)

Davidson, A. Outlines of Hebrew Accentuation: Prose and Poetical. London: Williams and Norgate, 1861. (pdf)

Delitzsch, F. The Hebrew Language Viewed in the Light of Assyrian Research. London: Williams and Norgate, 1883. (pdf)

Driver, S.R. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew. Oxford: Clarendon, 1874. (pdf)

Ember, A. The Pluralis Intensivus in Hebrew. Dissertation. Baltimore: Furst, 1905. (pdf)

Gaenssle, C. The Hebrew Particle asher. Dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1915. (pdf)

Geden, A. The Massoretic Notes Contained in the Edition of the Hebrew Scriptures. London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1905. (pdf)

Gray, G. Studies in Hebrew Proper Names. London: Black, 1896. (pdf)

Greswell, J. Grammatical Analysis of the Hebrew Psalter. Oxford: Parker, 1873. (pdf)

Kennicott, B. Critica Sacra; or, A Short Introduction to Hebrew Criticism. London: Bowyer and Nichols, 1774. (pdf)

Kennicott, B. A Method of Reading Hebrew. 1780. (pdf)

Kennedy, J. Studies in Hebrew Synonyms. London: Williams and Norgate, 1898. (pdf)

Margoliouth, G. Hebrew-Babylonian Affinities. Lond: Nutt, 1899. (pdf)

Powell, H. The Supposed Hebraisms in the Grammar of the Biblical Aramaic. Semitic Philology 1 (1907) 1-55. (pdf)

Stevenson, J. Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts: with Aramaic Reference Notes. New York: American Book Company, 1902. (pdf)

Walker, D. The Semitic Negative. Dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1895. (pdf)

West, J. Linguistic Dating of the Hebrew Bible. Opensource. (pdf)

 

Aramaic Tools

Texts:

Delaporte, L. Épigraphes Araméens: etude des textes Araméens graves ou écrits sur des tablettes cuneiforms. Paris: Geuthner, 1912. (pdf)

Hoonacker, A. Une Communauté Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Égypte, aux Vie et Ve siècles av. J.-C. Schweich Lectures of 1914. London: Oxford University, 1915. (pdf)

Montgomery, J. Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur. The Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. 3. Philadelphia: University Museum, 1913. (pdf)

Ungnad, A. Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1911. (pdf)

 

Translations:

Cowley, A. Jewish Documents of the Time of Ezra. London; Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919. (pdf)

 

Grammars:

Fischer, B. Winer’s Chaldäische Grammatik für Bibel und Targumin. Leipzig: Barth, 1882. (pdf)

Levias, C. A Grammar of the Aramaic Idiom Contained in the Babylonian Talmud. Cincinnati: Bloch, 1896. (pdf)

Luzzatto, S. Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Talmud Babli. Breslau: Schletter, 1873. (pdf)

Luzzatto, S. Grammar of the Biblical Chaldaic Language and the Talmud Babli. Idioms. Trans by Goldammer, J. New York: Wiley, 1876. (pdf)

Margolis, M. A Manuel of the Aramaic Language of the Babylonian Talmud. München: Beck, 1910. (pdf)

Riggs, E. A Manuel of the Chaldee Language. Boston: Perkins and Marvin, 1832. (pdf)

Winer, G. Grammar of the Chaldee Language. Trans by Hackett, H. Andover: Allen, Morrill, and Wardwell, 1845. (pdf)

 

Lexica:

 

Northwest Semitic Tools

Texts:

Cooke, G. A Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. Oxford: Clarendon, 1903. (pdf)

Sharpe, S. Hebrew Inscriptions. London: Smith, 1875. (pdf)

 

Grammars:

Nicholl, G. A Grammar of the Samaritan Language. London: Bagster, 1858. (pdf)

Segal, M. Mishnaic Hebrew and its Relation to Biblical Hebrew and to Aramaic. Oxford: Hart, 1909. (pdf)

 

Lexica:

Smith, P. Thesaurus Syriacus. Vol. 1. 1879. (pdf)

Smith, P. Thesaurus Syriacus. Vol. 2. 1879. (pdf)

Inspired by the archeology theme that is happening in the blogsphere of late, I published several pictures as well as transliteration from the Tel-Dan stele inscription.  This week’s transliteration is an ostracon from ‘Izbet Sartah.  The first four lines of text are indecipherable, but line five is noteworthy.  In a Paleo-Hebrew script (see chart below or the GKC Table of Alphabets), an abecedary was scribbled from left to right on the bottom of a potsherd.  As in the recent Tel-Zayit discovery, the order of several letters has been reversed (? ? ?  ; ? ??), the ? is duplicated, and ? is omitted.  For more information on the order of the Hebrew alphabet see the DH article: “Origin and Order of the Hebrew Alphabet.”

 *Image and brief description available at the Andreas Center.

  1 ?? ?????? ??

 2 ??? ??? ??? ?????????

 3 ???? ?

 4 ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????

 5 ??????????????????????

 
*Download and install the “Paleo-Hebrew” and “SBL Hebrew” fonts to view the chart below.

 

Prior to the discovery of a proto-Hebrew alphabet at Tel-Zayit, the order of the biblical Hebrew alphabet was known through several sources:

• Cognate Languages. The Hebrew writing system (cf. GKC Table of Alphabets) was derived from and shares the same order as the Phoenician alphabet; likewise Greek originated from Phoenician. Of course, the Greek letters changed slightly from their origin in Phoenician and added vowels that were created from consonants: alpha from aleph, epsilon from he, eta from chet, iota from yod, omicron from ayin, and upsilon from waw.

• Abecedarian Psalms. This type of psalm uses an alphabetical acrostic as a poetic pattern or device. Just as today’s school children learn the alphabet by memorizing “A is for Apple, B is for Ball, C is for Cat, etc.” or Dr. Seuss’s ABC, the Hebrews used abecedary for easier memorization of poetic literature.

Psalm 119 is the most well-known of this type of psalm. It contains twenty-two strophes (i.e. units of poetry); one for each of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Each of the eight lines, or verses, in the strophe begins with the letter of the alphabet (8 lines x 22 strophes/letters = 176 verses). Example (Psalm 119:1-10):

Psalm 112 uses one letter per line (verses contain several lines, or cola, of Hebrew poetry):

 

Other abecedary psalms include Psalm 111, Psalm 37 (every other verse), and Psalm 25. Apparently, it was not imperative to develop a “perfect” alphabet acrostic. Some examples of imperfect acrostics are Psalm 145 (omits nun), Psalm 34 (omits waw), Psalm 25 (omits kaf and waw is dubious), and Psalm 9-10 (excludes several letters).

• Other acrostics. Another notable acrostic concludes the book of Proverbs. Verses 10-31 delineate the ABCs of the virtuous woman. Other acrostic poetic devices are used in Lamentations 1-4.

(For more information see Brug, J.F. “Biblical Acrostics and Their Relationship to Other Ancient Near Eastern Acrostics,” in The Bible in the Light of Cuneiform Literature: Scripture in Context III. Ancient Near Eastern Texts and Studies 8. William W. Hallo, et al, eds. [Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1990], 283-305; ISBN 0889462194)

***UPDATE 1***
Talmida has posted on the Proverbs 31 passage mentioned above. Check it out here.

***UPDATE 2***
FORWARD Online Newspaper answers the question concerning why the English abecedary begins with A-B-C and not the Phoenician order A-B-G.