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וַיְהִ֞י כְּהַזְכִּיר֣וֹ ׀ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים וַיִּפֹּ֣ל מֵֽעַל־הַ֠כִּסֵּא אֲחֹ֨רַנִּ֜ית בְּעַ֣ד ׀ יַ֣ד הַשַּׁ֗עַר וַתִּשָּׁבֵ֤ר מַפְרַקְתּוֹ֙ וַיָּמֹ֔ת כִּֽי־זָקֵ֥ן הָאִ֖ישׁ וְכָבֵ֑ד וְה֛וּא שָׁפַ֥ט אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אַרְבָּעִ֥ים שָׁנָֽה׃ 19 וְכַלָּת֣וֹ אֵֽשֶׁת־פִּינְחָס֮ הָרָ֣ה לָלַת֒ וַתִּשְׁמַ֣ע אֶת־הַשְּׁמֻעָ֔ה אֶל־הִלָּקַח֙ אֲר֣וֹן הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים וּמֵ֥ת חָמִ֖יהָ וְאִישָׁ֑הּ וַתִּכְרַ֣ע וַתֵּ֔לֶד כִּֽי־נֶהֶפְכ֥וּ עָלֶ֖יהָ צִרֶֽיהָ׃ 20 וּכְעֵ֣ת מוּתָ֗הּ וַתְּדַבֵּ֙רְנָה֙ הַנִּצָּב֣וֹת עָלֶ֔יהָ אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י כִּ֣י בֵ֣ן יָלָ֑דְתְּ וְלֹ֥א עָנְתָ֖ה וְלֹא־שָׁ֥תָה לִבָּֽהּ׃ 21 וַתִּקְרָ֣א לַנַּ֗עַר אִֽי־כָבוֹד֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר גָּלָ֥ה כָב֖וֹד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֶל־הִלָּקַח֙ אֲר֣וֹן הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים וְאֶל־חָמִ֖יהָ וְאִישָֽׁהּ׃ 22 וַתֹּ֕אמֶר גָּלָ֥ה כָב֖וֹד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כִּ֥י נִלְקַ֖ח אֲר֥וֹן הָאֱלֹהִֽים׃ פ

Vocabulary

Verse 18

            אחרנית  “backwards” (BDB, 30)

            שׁבר  verb (Niphal waw-consecutive imperfect 3fs): “break”

            מפרקת  “neck” (BDB, 830)

            זקן  verb: “become old” (BDB, 278)

            כבד  “heavy (i.e. overweight)”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The waw-consecutive verb ויהי sequenced with כ plus verbal form (normally infinitive construct) is commonly used in narrative to indicate a temporal clause (see Genesis 19:17, 24:30, 29:13, 38:24, 38:29, 39:10, 13, 15, 18, 19; Exodus 16:10; Numbers 11:25, 16:31; Deuteronomy 5:23, 31:24; Joshua 4:18 [Qere], 5:1, 6:20, 8:14, 24, 9:1, 10:1, 20, 24, 11:1; Judges 2:4, 7:15, 11:35, 14:11, 15:17; Ruth 1:19; 1 Samuel 4:5, 18, 5:10, 9:26, 10:5, 13:10, 18:1, 24:17, 25:38; 2 Samuel 13:36, 17:27; 1 Kings 5:21, 8:54, 9:1, 12:2, 13:4, 14:5, 6, 15:21, 29, 16:18, 18:17, 29, 19:13, 20:12, 21:15, 21:16, 27, 22:32, 33; 2 Kings 2:9, 3:5, 4:6, 25, 4:40, 5:7, 8, 6:20, 30, 7:18, 9:22, 10:7, 25, 12:11, 19:1, 22:11; 1 Chronicles 14:15; 2 Chronicles 10:2, 16:5, 18:31, 32, 22:8, 34:19; Nehemiah 1:4, 13:3; Esther 3:4 [Qere], 5:2; Isaiah 37:1; Jeremiah 26:8, 36:16, 23, 41:6, 7, 13, 43:1; Ezekiel 9:8, 11:13; Jonah 4:8).  The waw-consecutive sequenced with כאשׁר also marks a temporal clause (cf. Genesis 20:13, 24:22, 24:52, 27:30, 29:10, 30:25, 34:25, 37:23, 41:13, 43:2; Exodus 32:19; Deuteronomy 2:16; Joshua 4:1, 11, 5:8, 6:8; Judges 3:18, 6:27, 8:33, 11:5; 1 Samuel 8:1, 24:2; 2 Samuel 16:16; 1 Kings 12:20, 13:4; 2 Kings 14:5; 1 Chronicles 17:1; 2 Chronicles 25:3; Nehemiah 3:33, 4:1, 6, 9, 6:1, 7:1, 13:19; Jeremiah 39:4; Zechariah 7:13)
• See the note on יַ֣ד הַשַּׁ֗עַר given with 4:13.

Vocabulary

Verse 19

            כלה  “daughter-in-law” (BDB, 483)

            הרה  adjective: “pregnant” (BDB, 248)

            שׁמועה  noun: “report” (BDB, 1035)

            חם  “father-in-law” (BDB, 327)

            כרע  verb: “bow down” (BDB, 502)

            חפך  verb (Niphal perfect 3cpl): “turn oneself”

            ציר  “pang” (BDB, 852)

Verse 20

            נצב  verb (Niphal participle fpl): “women standing around”

Verse 21

            אי־כבד  name: “Ichabod”

            חם  “father-in-law” (BDB, 327)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 19

• The infinitive construct (with ל prefix), ללת, is from the root ילד in which the ד assimilated to ת (GKC 68m).

Verse 20

• The participle, הַנִּצָּב֣וֹת, is a substantive functioning as the subject of תְּדַבֵּ֙רְנָה֙.
• The negative, אַל, marks the jussive.
• The idiom, שׁית לב “set one’s hear,” means “pay attention” or “direct attention” (also Jeremiah 31:21)

Verse 21

• In Ethiopic, אי is a common negative particle.  It is also found in Job 22:30—אי־נקי (GKC 152q).

 וַיָּ֤רָץ אִישׁ־בִּנְיָמִן֙ מֵהַמַּ֣עֲרָכָ֔ה וַיָּבֹ֥א שִׁלֹ֖ה בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וּמַדָּ֣יו קְרֻעִ֔ים וַאֲדָמָ֖ה עַל־רֹאשֽׁוֹ׃ 13 וַיָּב֗וֹא וְהִנֵּ֣ה עֵ֠לִי יֹשֵׁ֨ב עַֽל־הַכִּסֵּ֜א [יַךְ] דֶּ֙רֶךְ֙ מְצַפֶּ֔ה כִּֽי־הָיָ֤ה לִבּוֹ֙ חָרֵ֔ד עַ֖ל אֲר֣וֹן הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וְהָאִ֗ישׁ בָּ֚א לְהַגִּ֣יד בָּעִ֔יר וַתִּזְעַ֖ק כָּל־הָעִֽיר׃ 14 וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע עֵלִי֙ אֶת־ק֣וֹל הַצְּעָקָ֔ה וַיֹּ֕אמֶר מֶ֛ה ק֥וֹל הֶהָמ֖וֹן הַזֶּ֑ה וְהָאִ֣ישׁ מִהַ֔ר וַיָּבֹ֖א וַיַּגֵּ֥ד לְעֵלִֽי׃ 15 וְעֵלִ֕י בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה וְעֵינָ֣יו קָ֔מָה וְלֹ֥א יָכ֖וֹל לִרְאֽוֹת׃ 16 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר הָאִ֜ישׁ אֶל־עֵלִ֗י אָֽנֹכִי֙ הַבָּ֣א מִן־הַמַּעֲרָכָ֔ה וַאֲנִ֕י מִן־הַמַּעֲרָכָ֖ה נַ֣סְתִּי הַיּ֑וֹם וַיֹּ֛אמֶר מֶֽה־הָיָ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר בְּנִֽי׃ 17 וַיַּ֨עַן הַֽמְבַשֵּׂ֜ר וַיֹּ֗אמֶר נָ֤ס יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פְלִשְׁתִּ֔ים וְגַ֛ם מַגֵּפָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה הָיְתָ֣ה בָעָ֑ם וְגַם־שְׁנֵ֨י בָנֶ֜יךָ מֵ֗תוּ חָפְנִי֙ וּפִ֣ינְחָ֔ס וַאֲר֥וֹן הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים נִלְקָֽחָה׃ פ

Vocabulary

Verse 12

            בנימן  name: “Benjamin (son of right hand)”

            מערכה  “battle line” (BDB, 790)

        שׁלה  name: “Shiloh”

            מד  “garment” (BDB, 551)

            קרע  verb (Qal passive participle mpl): “tear, rend”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The word מֵהַמַּ֣עֲרָכָ֔ה is a compound of מִן (preposition “from”) + הַ ּ (article) + מערכה (noun).  The dagesh in the second mem is from the article; while the lengthening of the hireq to sere with the first mem is caused by compensatory lengthening (because he cannot be doubled).
• The disjunctive waw, וּמַדָּ֣יו, marks a parenthetical comment descriptive of the Benjamini.
• The verbless clauses are of the form S-P.

Vocabulary

Verse 13

            עלי  name: “Eli”

            צפה  verb (Piel participle ms): “keep watch” (BDB, 859)

            חרד  adjective: “trembling” (BDB, 353)

Verse 14

            צעקה  “cry of distress” (BDB, 858)

            חמון  “murmuring”

            מהר  verb (Piel perfect 3ms): “hasten” (not הַר + מִן)

Verse 15

            קום  verb: “stand,

Verse 16

            מערכה  “battle line” (BDB, 790)

Verse 17

            מבשֹר  verb (Piel participle ms with article): “bearer of tidings” (BDB, 142)

            פלשׁית  name: “Philistines”

            מגפה  noun: “slaughter” (BDB, 620)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 13

• The clause, עֵ֠לִי יֹשֵׁ֨ב עַֽל־הַכִּסֵּ֜א, is periphrastic and omits the verb היה.
• Qere: יַ֥ד.  The confusion of final ך and ד would have occurred after adopting the square script as prior scripts were much less similar (cf. GKC Alphabet Chart or DH Paleo-Hebrew Chart).  The Qere helps to understand this obscure text.  The expression, יַד דֶּרֶךְ, is an idiom meaning “beside the way” (cf. 2 Samuel 15:2; Ezekiel 48:1).
• The final verb, וַתִּזְעַ֖ק, is feminine singular because the subject is the feminine singular noun עיר “city.”

Verse 14

• The verbless clause, מֶ֛ה ק֥וֹל הֶהָמ֖וֹן הַזֶּ֑ה, is an interrogative.
• In the three member noun phrase, ק֥וֹל הֶהָמ֖וֹן הַזֶּ֑ה, the first two elements are in construct and the demonstrative modifies the second element (i.e. it agrees in gender, number and definiteness).
• The repetition of בוא serves to heighten Eli’s anticipation of word about the ark (and his sons) while waiting for the news.

Verse 15

• The initial clause is the common Hebrew idiom for age.  “Eli was a son of ninety and eight years” is to say that he was 98 years old.
• The waw disjunctive, וְעֵינָ֣יו קָ֔מָה, marks a parenthetical comment.
• The dual construct for of וְעֵינָ֣יו can take a plural (Genesis 29:17) or singular verbal form (Micah 4:11); the later is used in this context (GKC 145 k, n).
• The idiom “his eyes were fixed (set)” is used elsewhere of blindness or poor eyesight in 1 Kings 14:4 לֹֽא־יָכֹ֣ל לִרְא֔וֹת כִּ֛י קָ֥מוּ עֵינָ֖יו (see note above concerning the plural verb with a dual subject or GKC 88a).
• The result clause, וְלֹ֥א יָכ֖וֹל לִרְאֽוֹת, is marked by the conjunction waw.

Verse 16

• The participle, הַבָּ֣א, is a substantive.
• The article with יום is “today” or “this day.”
• The narrative continues to heighten the angst through the messenger’s repetition (see note on verse 14 above).
• The noun, בְּנִֽי, is a vocative “o my son.”

Verse 17

• The noun phrase, שְׁנֵ֨י בָנֶ֜יךָ, is fronted for emphasis.
• The final Niphal verb, נִלְקָֽחָה, has a passive sense “it was taken.”

וַיְהִ֗י כְּב֨וֹא אֲר֤וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָה֙ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה וַיָּרִ֥עוּ כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל תְּרוּעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַתֵּהֹ֖ם הָאָֽרֶץ׃ 6 וַיִּשְׁמְע֤וּ פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ אֶת־ק֣וֹל הַתְּרוּעָ֔ה וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ מֶ֠ה ק֣וֹל הַתְּרוּעָ֧ה הַגְּדוֹלָ֛ה הַזֹּ֖את בְּמַחֲנֵ֣ה הָעִבְרִ֑ים וַיֵּ֣דְע֔וּ כִּ֚י אֲר֣וֹן יְהוָ֔ה בָּ֖א אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃ 7 וַיִּֽרְאוּ֙ הַפְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֣י אָמְר֔וּ בָּ֥א אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה וַיֹּאמְרוּ֙ א֣וֹי לָ֔נוּ כִּ֣י לֹ֥א הָיְתָ֛ה כָּזֹ֖את אֶתְמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֹֽׁם׃ 8 א֣וֹי לָ֔נוּ מִ֣י יַצִּילֵ֔נוּ מִיַּ֛ד הָאֱלֹהִ֥ים הָאַדִּירִ֖ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה אֵ֧לֶּה הֵ֣ם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים הַמַּכִּ֧ים אֶת־מִצְרַ֛יִם בְּכָל־מַכָּ֖ה בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃ 9 הִֽתְחַזְּק֞וּ וִֽהְי֤וּ לַֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים פֶּ֚ן תַּעַבְד֣וּ לָעִבְרִ֔ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבְד֖וּ לָכֶ֑ם וִהְיִיתֶ֥ם לַאֲנָשִׁ֖ים וְנִלְחַמְתֶּֽם׃ 10 וַיִּלָּחֲמ֣וּ פְלִשְׁתִּ֗ים וַיִּנָּ֤גֶף יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיָּנֻ֙סוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ לְאֹהָלָ֔יו וַתְּהִ֥י הַמַּכָּ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֣ה מְאֹ֑ד וַיִּפֹּל֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים אֶ֖לֶף רַגְלִֽי׃ 11 וַאֲר֥וֹן אֱלֹהִ֖ים נִלְקָ֑ח וּשְׁנֵ֤י בְנֵֽי־עֵלִי֙ מֵ֔תוּ חָפְנִ֖י וּפִֽינְחָֽס׃

Vocabulary

Verse 5

            רוע  verb (Hiphil waw-consecutive imperfect 3mpl): “shout” (BDB, 929)

            תרועה  “shout of joy” (BDB, 929)

            הום  verb (Niphal imperfect 3fs): “be in a stir” (BDB, 223; GKC 72h)

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The formula, ויהי כ, is a temporal, clause-level introduction.
• Repetition, while frowned upon in English grammar, is a hallmark of Hebrew.  Thus וירעו תרועה גדולה“one shouts a great shout” reflects normal speech patterns.

Vocabulary

Verse 6

            פלשׁתים  name: “Philistines”

            תרועה  “shout of joy” (BDB, 929)

            עברי  name: “Hebrews”

Verse 7

            אוי  “woe” (BDB, 17)

אתמול  “formerly” (BDB, 1069)

            שׁלשׁום  “three days ago” (BDB, 1026)

Verse 8

            אוי  “woe” (BDB, 17)

            נצל  verb (Hiphil imperfect 3ms with 1cpl suffix): “deliver”

            אדיר  “majestic” (BDB, 12)

            מכה  verb (Hiphil participle mpl): “cause a plague” (BDB, 646)         

Verse 9

            חזק  verb (Hithpael imperative mpl): “Strengthen yourself”

Verse 10

            נגף  verb (Niphal waw-consecutive imperfect 3ms): “be smitten” (BDB, 619)

            מכה  “slaughter” (BDB, 646)

            אלף  “thousand”

            רגלי  “footmen” (BDB, 920)

Verse 11

            חפני  name: “Hophni”

            פינחס  name: “Phinehas”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 6

• Attributive adjectives must agree in gender, number and definiteness; cf. הַתְּרוּעָ֧ה הַגְּדוֹלָ֛ה הַזֹּ֖את.

Verse 7

• The discourse marker is repeated, but the speaker does not change.
• The clause, א֣וֹי לָ֔נוּ, is verbless.
• The phrase, אֶתְמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֹֽׁם, means “before today.”

Verse 8

• Again, two adjectives are used to describe the noun, הָאֱלֹהִ֥ים הָאַדִּירִ֖ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה.  Even though אלהים is usually translated as a singular (“God”), its form is plural.  However, in this context it is used for plural gods.
• The phrase, הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים הַמַּכִּ֧ים אֶת־מִצְרַ֛יִם, is left dislocated that is to say it has been placed at the end of the sentence and replaced in the matrix sentence by a pronoun.
• The participle, הַמַּכִּ֧ים, is substantive and has an explicit object, אֶת־מִצְרַ֛יִם.

Verse 9

• The name, פלשׁתים, functions as a vocative.

Verse 10

• The מִן preposition attached to מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל is partitive “from out of.”

וַיְהִ֥י דְבַר־שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל לְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיֵּצֵ֣א יִשְׂרָאֵל֩ לִקְרַ֨את פְּלִשְׁתִּ֜ים לַמִּלְחָמָ֗ה וַֽיַּחֲנוּ֙ עַל־הָאֶ֣בֶן הָעֵ֔זֶר וּפְלִשְׁתִּ֖ים חָנ֥וּ בַאֲפֵֽק׃ 2 וַיַּעַרְכ֨וּ פְלִשְׁתִּ֜ים לִקְרַ֣את יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וַתִּטֹּשׁ֙ הַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וַיִּנָּ֥גֶף יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לִפְנֵ֣י פְלִשְׁתִּ֑ים וַיַּכּ֤וּ בַמַּֽעֲרָכָה֙ בַּשָּׂדֶ֔ה כְּאַרְבַּ֥עַת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִֽישׁ׃ 3 וַיָּבֹ֣א הָעָם֮ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה֒ וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ זִקְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לָ֣מָּה נְגָפָ֧נוּ יְהוָ֛ה הַיּ֖וֹם לִפְנֵ֣י פְלִשְׁתִּ֑ים נִקְחָ֧ה אֵלֵ֣ינוּ מִשִּׁלֹ֗ה אֶת־אֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה וְיָבֹ֣א בְקִרְבֵּ֔נוּ וְיֹשִׁעֵ֖נוּ מִכַּ֥ף אֹיְבֵֽינוּ׃ 4 וַיִּשְׁלַ֤ח הָעָם֙ שִׁלֹ֔ה וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ מִשָּׁ֗ם אֵ֣ת אֲר֧וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָ֛ה צְבָא֖וֹת יֹשֵׁ֣ב הַכְּרֻבִ֑ים וְשָׁ֞ם שְׁנֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־עֵלִ֗י עִם־אֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים חָפְנִ֖י וּפִֽינְחָֽס׃

Vocabulary

Verse 1

            קרא  verb: “meet”

            פלשׁתים  name: “Philistines”

            חנה verb: “camp”

            אפק  name (of place): “Aphek”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The use of the preposition על is spatial “beside.”
• Third he verbs (III-ה) with vocalic endings lose the weak third root letter ( חָנָה וּ > חָנָהוּ* > חָנוּ).
• The construct phrase, הָאֶ֣בֶן הָעֵ֔זֶר “rock of strength,” is transliterated as a proper name “Ebenezer.”

Vocabulary

Verse 2

            ערך  verb: “arrange, draw up for battle”

            נטשׁ  verb: “permit, abandon” (BDB, 643)

            נגף  verb (Niphal waw-consecutive imperfect 3ms): “be smitten” (BDB, 619)

            מערכה  “battle line” (BDB, 790)

Verse 3

            נגף  verb (Qal perfect 3ms with 1cp suffix): “smite” (BDB, 619)

            נִקְחָ֧ה  verb (Qal cohortative 1cp from לקה)

Verse 4

            הַכְּרֻבִ֑ים noun: “cherubim”

            חָפְנִ֖י וּפִֽינְחָֽס names: “Hophni and Phinehas”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 2

• The meaning of the root נטשׁ is dubious.  It connotes permission (Exodus 23:11), distribution (Judges 16:9) and abandonment (Judges 6:13).  It is used eleven times in Samuel/Kings (1 Samuel 4:2; 10:2; 12:22; 17:20, 22, 28; 30:16; 2 Samuel 5:18, 22; 1 Kings 8:57; 2 Kings 21:14).

Verse 3

• The article with the word for day, הַיּ֖וֹם, can specify “today.”

Verse 4

• The participial phrase, יֹשֵׁ֣ב הַכְּרֻבִ֑ים, is substantival modifying the preceding divine appellation.

וַיִּגְדַּ֖ל שְׁמוּאֵ֑ל וַֽיהוָה֙ הָיָ֣ה עִמּ֔וֹ וְלֹֽא־הִפִּ֥יל מִכָּל־דְּבָרָ֖יו אָֽרְצָה׃ 20 וַיֵּ֙דַע֙ כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מִדָּ֖ן וְעַד־בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע כִּ֚י נֶאֱמָ֣ן שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל לְנָבִ֖יא לַיהוָֽה׃ 21 וַיֹּ֥סֶף יְהוָ֖ה לְהֵרָאֹ֣ה בְשִׁלֹ֑ה כִּֽי־נִגְלָ֨ה יְהוָ֧ה אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֛ל בְּשִׁל֖וֹ בִּדְבַ֥ר יְהוָֽה׃ פ

Vocabulary

Verse 19

            הפיל  verb (Hiphil perfect 3ms נפל): “cause to fall”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The subject of the verb, נפל, is the Lord.  The phrase, “fall to the ground,” means “to fail.”

Vocabulary

Verse 20

            דן  name: “Dan”

            באר שׁבע  name: “Beersheba”

            אמן  verb (Niphal participle ms): “confirmed”   

Verse 21

            שׁלה/שׁלו  name: “Shiloh”

            גלה  verb (Niphal perfect 3ms): “reveal, uncover oneself”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 20

• The final subordinate clause is a periphrastic construction without the copulative.

Verse 21

• The verb, יסף, in the Hiphil stem means to do something again.
• The Niphal stem can mark reflexivity, that is to do to oneself.