Archive for the 'Exodus' Category

Feb 15 2006

Exodus 4:10-17

Published by under Exodus,Grammar

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶל־יְהוָה֮ בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָי֒ לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּ֛ם מֵאָ֥ז דַּבֶּרְךָ אֶל־עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ כִּ֧י כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן אָנֹֽכִי׃ 11 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֵלָ֗יו מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽאָדָם֒ א֚וֹ מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר הֲלֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה׃ 12 וְעַתָּ֖ה לֵ֑ךְ וְאָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔יךָ וְהוֹרֵיתִ֖יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תְּדַבֵּֽר׃ 13 וַיֹּ֖אמֶר בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָ֑י שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח׃ 14 וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה בְּמֹשֶׁ֗ה וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הֲלֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֙יךָ֙ הַלֵּוִ֔י יָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר ה֑וּא וְגַ֤ם הִנֵּה־הוּא֙ יֹצֵ֣א לִקְרָאתֶ֔ךָ וְרָאֲךָ֖ וְשָׂמַ֥ח בְּלִבּֽוֹ׃ 15 וְדִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔יו וְשַׂמְתָּ֥ אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים בְּפִ֑יו וְאָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֙יךָ֙ וְעִם־פִּ֔יהוּ וְהוֹרֵיתִ֣י אֶתְכֶ֔ם אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֽׂוּן׃ 16 וְדִבֶּר־ה֥וּא לְךָ֖ אֶל־הָעָ֑ם וְהָ֤יָה הוּא֙ יִֽהְיֶה־לְּךָ֣ לְפֶ֔ה וְאַתָּ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥וֹ לֵֽאלֹהִֽים׃ 17 וְאֶת־הַמַּטֶּ֥ה הַזֶּ֖ה תִּקַּ֣ח בְּיָדֶ֑ךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶׂה־בּ֖וֹ אֶת־הָאֹתֹֽת׃ פ

Vocabulary

Verse 10

            בי  particle: “I pray” (BDB, 106)

            תמול  “yesterday” (BDB, 1069)

            שׁלשם  “three days ago” (BDB, 1026)

            מאז  “since” (BDB, 23)

            כבד  “heavy, dull” (BDB, 458)

Syntax & Miscellaneous

  • The first clause of Moses’ entreaty is a negated verbless clause [P-S].
  • The idiom, אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים, is used to mean an eloquent man (so-called attributive genitive; GKC 128t).
  • Following a negative clause, גםגם is understood as “neither…nor.”
  • Notice the difference in the Hebrew rendering of days: מִתְּמוֹל֙ (yesterday) and מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם (lit. “three days ago;” meaning “the day before yesterday”).
  • The final clause is a verbless clause [P-S] with a compound predicate, כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן.

Vocabulary

Verse 11

            אלם  adjective: “unable to speak” (BDB, 48)

            חרשׁ  adjective: “deaf” (BDB, 361)

            פקח  adjective: “seeing” (BDB, 824)

            עור  adjective: “blind” (BDB, 734)

Verse 12

הורה  verb (Hiphil waw-consecutive perfect 1cs with 2ms suffix): “teach” (BDB, 434)

Verse 13

            בי  particle: “I pray” (BDB, 106)

Verse 14

            הרח  verb: “burn”

            לוי  “Levite”

            שבח  verb: “rejoice”

Verse 15

            הורה  verb: “teach” (BDB, 434)

Verse 16

            אלהים  see note below

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 11

  • The tense/aspect shift from perfect to imperfect of the verb is significant מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם “Who made?” and then מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם “Who will make?”
  • The final clause, הֲלֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה, is an interrogative verbless clause [S-P].  The interpretation of this clause is important also.  How does this clause support the previous statement? 

Verse 12

  • The plural of the masculine noun, פה, is פים.  A yod replaces the he when pronominal suffixes are added thus the form in the passage פיך.

Verse 13

  • The particle of entreaty is always found with the noun Lord (בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָ֑י).
  • The final word is an asyndetic relative clause (תִּשְׁלָֽח “which you sent;” GKC 155r).

Verse 14

  • The Hebrew colloquialism meaning “to become agree with” is הרח ב found at the first of the verse, וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה בְּמֹשֶׁ֗ה (lit. “The nose of the Lord burned against Moses”).
  • The word, הֲלֹ֨א, is the interrogative he plus negative.
  • The final “word” is a prepositional phrase, בְּלִבּֽוֹ “in his heart.”

Verse 15

  • The final relative clause, אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֽׂוּן, functions as the object of the verb.

Verse 16

  • The final clause appears to be saying that Moses will be god to Aaron; however, the semantic domain of לֵֽאלֹהִֽים extends to divine representative both human (as in a judge: cf. Exodus 21:6, 22:8, 22:28 [MT 22:27]; Psalm 82:1, 6) and divine (Psalm 8:6, 97:7; Job 1:6, 2:1, 38:7).

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Feb 08 2006

Exodus 4:6-9

Published by under Exodus,Grammar

וַיֹּאמֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה ל֜וֹ ע֗וֹד הָֽבֵא־נָ֤א יָֽדְךָ֙ בְּחֵיקֶ֔ךָ וַיָּבֵ֥א יָד֖וֹ בְּחֵיק֑וֹ וַיּ֣וֹצִאָ֔הּ וְהִנֵּ֥ה יָד֖וֹ מְצֹרַ֥עַת כַּשָּֽׁלֶג׃ וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הָשֵׁ֤ב יָֽדְךָ֙ אֶל־חֵיקֶ֔ךָ וַיָּ֥שֶׁב יָד֖וֹ אֶל־חֵיק֑וֹ וַיּֽוֹצִאָהּ֙ מֵֽחֵיק֔וֹ וְהִנֵּה־שָׁ֖בָה כִּבְשָׂרֽוֹ׃ וְהָיָה֙ אִם־לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לָ֔ךְ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֥ת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן׃ וְהָיָ֡ה אִם־לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ גַּם֩ לִשְׁנֵ֨י הָאֹת֜וֹת הָאֵ֗לֶּה וְלֹ֤א יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ לְקֹלֶ֔ךָ וְלָקַחְתָּ֙ מִמֵּימֵ֣י הַיְאֹ֔ר וְשָׁפַכְתָּ֖ הַיַּבָּשָׁ֑ה וְהָי֤וּ הַמַּ֙יִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּקַּ֣ח מִן־הַיְאֹ֔ר וְהָי֥וּ לְדָ֖ם בַּיַּבָּֽשֶׁת׃

Vocabulary

Verse 6

            חיק  noun: “fold of garment” (BDB, 300)

            מצרע  verb (Pual participle fs): “leprous” (BDB, 863)

            שׁלג  noun: “snow” (BDB, 1017)

Syntax & Miscellaneous

  •  The verbal form of הבא is a Hiphil (causative) imperative ms.
  • The 3fs suffix, וַיּ֣וֹצִאָ֔הּ, refers to the feminine noun, יד.
  • The final clause, יָד֖וֹ מְצֹרַ֥עַת כַּשָּֽׁלֶג, is verbless.

Vocabulary

Verse 7

            חיק  noun: “fold of garment” (BDB, 300)

            בשר  “flesh, skin”

Verse 8

            אמן  verb (Hiphil imperfect 3mpl): “believe, trust”

            הָאַחֲרֽוֹן  “next”

Verse 9

            היאר  name: “Nile”

            שׁפך  verb: “pour out”

            יבשׁה  “dry ground” (BDB, 387)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 7

  • The verbal form of השׁב is a Hiphil (causative) imperative ms.

Verse 8

  • The idiom, וְהָיָה֙ אִם, expresses a conditional clause often followed by a result clause marked by waw.
  • The word, הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן, is the “first” ordinal number.

Verse 9

  • The final letter, יִשְׁמְעוּן֙, is a paragogic nun.
  • The final clause is resumptive from the preceding clause, וְהָי֤וּ הַמַּ֙יִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּקַּ֣ח מִן־הַיְאֹ֔ר.  Thus, these waters are the subject of the following clause.
  • The verb, היה, plus lamed indicates something coming into existence or “becoming.” (i.e. lamed revaluationis; Ernst Jenni, Die Hebraischen Prapositionen, vol. 3 [Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1992-2000]) 

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Feb 01 2006

Exodus 4:1-5

Published by under Exodus

וַיַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַיֹּ֔אמֶר וְהֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔י וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּקֹלִ֑י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה׃ 2 וַיֹּ֧אמֶר אֵלָ֛יו יְהוָ֖ה [מַזֶּה] בְיָדֶ֑ךָ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר מַטֶּֽה׃ 3 וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣הוּ אַ֔רְצָה וַיַּשְׁלִיכֵ֥הוּ אַ֖רְצָה וַיְהִ֣י לְנָחָ֑שׁ וַיָּ֥נָס מֹשֶׁ֖ה מִפָּנָֽיו׃ 4 וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔ וֶאֱחֹ֖ז בִּזְנָב֑וֹ וַיִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָדוֹ֙ וַיַּ֣חֲזֶק בּ֔וֹ וַיְהִ֥י לְמַטֶּ֖ה בְּכַפּֽוֹ׃ 5 לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב׃

Vocabulary

Verse 1

            הן  pronoun (3mpl): “they”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

  •  The verb, ראה “see,” in the Niphal stem means “appear.”

Vocabulary

Verse 2

            מטה  noun: “staff”

Verse 3

            הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣הוּ  verb (Hiphil imperative ms with 3ms suffix): “throw it”

            נחשׁ  noun: “serpent” (BDB, 638)

            נוס  verb: “flee”

Verse 4

            אחז  verb (Qal imperative ms): “take hold”

            זנב  noun: “tail” (BDB, 275)

            כף  noun: “hand, palm”

Verse 5

            אמן  verb (Hiphil): “believe, trust”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 2

  • Qere: מַה־זֶּ֣ה.  The Qere is a verbless clause, “what is that/this (in your hand).”

Verse 3

  • The final he on אַ֔רְצָה is a directional he that indicates the direction toward which the staff was to be thrown.
  • The repetitious structure of command/instruction and fulfillment (i.e. הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣הוּ אַ֔רְצָה וַיַּשְׁלִיכֵ֥הוּ אַ֖רְצָה) is common in the text.
  • The verb, היה, plus lamed indicates something coming into existence or “becoming.” (i.e. lamed revaluationis; Ernst Jenni, Die Hebraischen Prapositionen, vol. 3 [Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1992-2000])

Verse 5

  • The sequence, אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב, is in apposition to the divine name.

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Jan 25 2006

Exodus 3:15-22

Published by under Exodus

 וַיֹּאמֶר עוֹד אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כֹּה־תֹאמַר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיכֶם אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם זֶה־שְּׁמִי לְעֹלָם וְזֶה זִכְרִי לְדֹר דֹּר׃ 16 לֵךְ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת־זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיכֶם נִרְאָה אֵלַי אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב לֵאמֹר פָּקֹד פָּקַדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם וְאֶת־הֶעָשׂוּי לָכֶם בְּמִצְרָיִם׃ 17 וָאֹמַר אַעֲלֶה אֶתְכֶם מֵעֳנִי מִצְרַיִם אֶל־אֶרֶץ הַכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהָאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי אֶל־אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ׃ 18 וְשָׁמְעוּ לְקֹלֶךָ וּבָאתָ אַתָּה וְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַאֲמַרְתֶּם אֵלָיו יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִיִּים נִקְרָה עָלֵינוּ וְעַתָּה נֵלֲכָה־נָּא דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים בַּמִּדְבָּר וְנִזְבְּחָה לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ׃ 19 וַאֲנִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּי לֹא־יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ וְלֹא בְּיָד חֲזָקָה׃ 20 וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת־יָדִי וְהִכֵּיתִי אֶת־מִצְרַיִם בְּכֹל נִפְלְאֹתַי אֲשֶׁר אֶעֱשֶׂה בְּקִרְבּוֹ וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵן יְשַׁלַּח אֶתְכֶם׃ 21 וְנָתַתִּי אֶת־חֵן הָעָם־הַזֶּה בְּעֵינֵי מִצְרָיִם וְהָיָה כִּי תֵלֵכוּן לֹא תֵלְכוּ רֵיקָם׃ 22 וְשָׁאֲלָה אִשָּׁה מִשְּׁכֶנְתָּהּ וּמִגָּרַת בֵּיתָהּ כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב וּשְׂמָלֹת וְשַׂמְתֶּם עַל־בְּנֵיכֶם וְעַל־בְּנֹתֵיכֶם וְנִצַּלְתֶּם אֶת־מִצְרָיִם׃

Vocabulary

Verse 15

            זכר  “memorial” (BDB, 271)

Syntax & Miscellaneous

  •  The final two clauses are ideal examples of Hebrew parallelism.  Notice the parallel sentence structure (verbless clause typology: S—P—M) and the synonyms, “eternity” and “generation to generation.”

זֶה־שְּׁמִי לְעֹלָם

 וְזֶה זִכְרִי לְדֹר דֹּר

 

Vocabulary

Verse 16

            פקד  verb: “visit, care about”

Verse 17

            כנעני  name: “Canaanite”

            חתי  name: “Hittite”

            אמרי  name: “Amorite”

            פרזי  name: “Perizzite”

            חוי  name: “Hivite”

            יבוסי  name: “Jebusite”

            עני  “affliction” (BDB, 777)

            זוב  verb: “flow” (BDB, 264)

            חלב  “milk” (BDB, 316)

            דבשׁ  “honey”

Verse 18

            קרה  verb: “encounter” (BDB, 899)

Verse 20

            נפלאות  “wonderful acts” (BDB, 810)

Verse 21

            ריקם  “emptily, empty-handed” (BDB, 938)

Verse 22

            שׁכן  “neighbor” (BDB, 1015)

            גור  verb (Qal participle): “sojourning”

            שמלה  “clothes” (BDB, 971)

            נצל  verb: “plunder”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 16

  • The first word is לֵךְ which is easily confused for the lamed preposition with 2nd person pronoun.  Differentiate these forms by examining the vowel pointing carefully.  The 2ms suffix with the lamed preposition would be pointed shewa-qames (לְךָ), and the 2fs suffix would be qames-shewa (לָךְ).  The imperative form of הלך “go” is distinguished by the “i-class” vowel (i.e. sere or segol) with the lamed.
  • The waw-consecutive perfect, וְאָסַפְתָּ, continues the imperative mood of the previous verb.
  • The noun phrase, אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתֵיכֶם, is in apposition to the divine name.
  • Sequencing in Hebrew, as in English, can repeat the conjunctive (e.g. Bob and Mary and Sue) or place it on the third element of a list (e.g. Bob, Mary and Sue).  The later use is found in this verse, אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב.
  • Infinitive absolute plus finite verb marks an intensification of the verbal action.
  • The final clause has a double object: אֶתְכֶם וְאֶת־הֶעָשׂוּי לָכֶם.
  • The beth preposition, בְּמִצְרָיִם, is instrumental, “by.”

Verse 17

  • The first two verbs are 1cs,  וָאֹמַר אַעֲלֶה.
  • The gentilic ending, כנעני, can refer to either the people or the land.
  • The list of nationalities demonstrates the first type of sequencing found in the comment above: וְהַחִתִּי וְהָאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי.

Verse 18

  • The noun phrase, אַתָּה וְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, is the compound subject of the verb, וּבָאתָ; the elders are included even though the verb is 2ms.  Notice the number of the following verb, וַאֲמַרְתֶּם, is plural.

Verse 19

  • The verb, נתן, can mean “permit” or “grant” especially when sequenced with a lamed.

Verse 20

  • The verb, הִכֵּיתִי, comes from the doubly weak root, נכה “smite.”

Verse 22

  • The participle, וּמִגָּרַת, is a substantive.

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Jan 19 2006

Exodus 3:11-14

Published by under Exodus

וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים מִי אָנֹכִי כִּי אֵלֵךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה וְכִי אוֹצִיא אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם׃ 12 וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי־אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ וְזֶה־לְּךָ הָאוֹת כִּי אָנֹכִי שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ בְּהוֹצִיאֲךָ אֶת־הָעָם מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּעַבְדוּן אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים עַל הָהָר הַזֶּה׃ 13 וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמוֹ מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃ 14 וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃

Vocabulary

Verse 11

            מצרים  name: “Egypt”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

  • Notice the two clauses joined by waw and marked by כי elaborating on the main question, מִי אָנֹכִי.
  • The imperfect can indicate modality (particularly in first position in the sentence).  In this instance it expresses potential action or possibility (“who am I that I could go”).  See also Exodus 16:7 (תַלִּינוּ) and Numbers 11:12 (תֹאמַר).
  • The Hiphil stem can be understood as causative; therefore, נצא “go out” in Qal becomes “bring out” in Hiphil.

Vocabulary

Verse 12

            אות  noun: “sign, pledge”

Verse 14

            אהיה  verb (Qal imperfect 1cs): “I am” or “I will be”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 12

  • The clause, וְזֶה־לְּךָ הָאוֹת, is verbless.
  • The beth preposition is temporal, “when.”
  • The 2ms suffix is functioning as the “subject” of the infinitive, בְּהוֹצִיאֲךָ.
  • Paragogic nun: תַּעַבְדוּן.

Verse 13

  • As in many Greek verbs of movement, the Hebrew word בוא can refer to coming or going.
  • The phrase, אָנֹכִי בָא, is a periphrastic construction without the “to be” verb.
  • See the DH post about the name of God.

Verse 14

  • The final usage of אֶהְיֶה is as a nominative (proper name?).

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