DailyHebrew.com

I hope that you don’t mind the slight deviation this weekend from the normal course of translations. Next week, the typical sequence will resume. Now for something completely different!

Matthew 28:1-6

?Οψ? δ? σαββ?των, τ? ?πιφωσκο?σ? ε?ς μ?αν σαββ?των ?λθεν Μαρι?μ ? Μαγδαλην? κα? ? ?λλη Μαρ?α θεωρ?σαι τ?ν τ?φον. 2 κα? ?δο? σεισμ?ς ?γ?νετο μ?γας· ?γγελος γ?ρ κυρ?ου καταβ?ς ?ξ ο?ρανο? κα? προσελθ?ν ?πεκ?λισεν τ?ν λ?θον κα? ?κ?θητο ?π?νω α?το?. 3 ?ν δ? ? ε?δ?α α?το? ?ς ?στραπ? κα? τ? ?νδυμα α?το? λευκ?ν ?ς χι?ν. 4 ?π? δ? το? φ?βου α?το? ?σε?σθησαν ο? τηρο?ντες κα? ?γεν?θησαν ?ς νεκρο?. 5 ?ποκριθε?ς δ? ? ?γγελος ε?πεν τα?ς γυναιξ?ν, Μ? φοβε?σθε ?με?ς, ο?δα γ?ρ ?τι ?Ιησο?ν τ?ν ?σταυρωμ?νον ζητε?τε· 6 ο?κ ?στιν ?δε, ?γ?ρθη γ?ρ καθ?ς ε?πεν·

Vocabulary

Verse 1

?Οψ? preposition: “after”

?πιφ?σκω verb (present active participle dative fs): “dawn”

μ?αν “one”

?ρχομαι verb (aorist active indicative 3^rd sg): “came”

θεωρ?ω verb (aorist active infinitive)

τ?φον noun: “grave”

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• The substantive participle, ?πιφ?σκω, is functioning as a temporal marker.
• The noun, σαββ?των, can refer to the Sabbath as a day or a special week or merely the seven day rotation of the week. The first usage in this passage carries the first meaning; whereas the second is the last.

Vocabulary

Verse 2

σεισμ?ς noun: “earthquake”

?ποκυλ?ω verb (aorist active indicative 3^rd sg): “roll away”

κ?θημαι verb (imperfect medial-passive indicative 3^rd sg): “sit”

?π?νω preposition: “on, above”

Verse 3

ε?δ?α noun: “appearance”

?στραπ? noun: “lightning”

?νδυμα “face”

λευκ?ς adjective (nominative neuter sg): “white”

χι?ν “snow”

Verse 4

σε?ω verb (aorist passive indicative 3^rd pl): “shake with fear”

τηρ?ω “guards”

Verse 5

σταυρ?ω verb (perfect passive participle accusative ms): “crucify”

Verse 6

?δε adverb: “here”

?γε?ρω verb (aorist passive indicative 3^rd sg): “rise (from the dead)”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 2

• The first clause functions much like a ???? does in Hebrew narrative.
• Notice the typical pattern of placing the clause conjunctions after the first word of the clause, called post-positives.
• The preposition, ?π?νω, takes a genitive object. The object of the preposition is an anaphoric pronoun (α?το? “he, it”) referring to λ?θος “stone.”

Verse 3

• The verb, “to be,” is gapped in the second clause, τ? ?νδυμα α?το? λευκ?ν ?ς χι?ν.

Verse 5

• The negative particle, μ?, is used with non-indicatives (i.e. the imperative as in this context).
• The particle, ?τι, often serves in Greek as a marker of speech (Similar to ???? in Hebrew.)

Verse 6

• The post-positive γ?ρ in the second clause is explanative.

Prior to the discovery of a proto-Hebrew alphabet at Tel-Zayit, the order of the biblical Hebrew alphabet was known through several sources:

• Cognate Languages. The Hebrew writing system (cf. GKC Table of Alphabets) was derived from and shares the same order as the Phoenician alphabet; likewise Greek originated from Phoenician. Of course, the Greek letters changed slightly from their origin in Phoenician and added vowels that were created from consonants: alpha from aleph, epsilon from he, eta from chet, iota from yod, omicron from ayin, and upsilon from waw.

• Abecedarian Psalms. This type of psalm uses an alphabetical acrostic as a poetic pattern or device. Just as today’s school children learn the alphabet by memorizing “A is for Apple, B is for Ball, C is for Cat, etc.” or Dr. Seuss’s ABC, the Hebrews used abecedary for easier memorization of poetic literature.

Psalm 119 is the most well-known of this type of psalm. It contains twenty-two strophes (i.e. units of poetry); one for each of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Each of the eight lines, or verses, in the strophe begins with the letter of the alphabet (8 lines x 22 strophes/letters = 176 verses). Example (Psalm 119:1-10):

Psalm 112 uses one letter per line (verses contain several lines, or cola, of Hebrew poetry):

Other abecedary psalms include Psalm 111, Psalm 37 (every other verse), and Psalm 25. Apparently, it was not imperative to develop a “perfect” alphabet acrostic. Some examples of imperfect acrostics are Psalm 145 (omits nun), Psalm 34 (omits waw), Psalm 25 (omits kaf and waw is dubious), and Psalm 9-10 (excludes several letters).

• Other acrostics. Another notable acrostic concludes the book of Proverbs. Verses 10-31 delineate the ABCs of the virtuous woman. Other acrostic poetic devices are used in Lamentations 1-4.

(For more information see Brug, J.F. “Biblical Acrostics and Their Relationship to Other Ancient Near Eastern Acrostics,” in The Bible in the Light of Cuneiform Literature: Scripture in Context III. Ancient Near Eastern Texts and Studies 8. William W. Hallo, et al, eds. [Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1990], 283-305; ISBN 0889462194)

***UPDATE 1***
Talmida has posted on the Proverbs 31 passage mentioned above. Check it out here.

***UPDATE 2***
FORWARD Online Newspaper answers the question concerning why the English abecedary begins with A-B-C and not the Phoenician order A-B-G.

The discovery of the earliest Hebrew (or possibly Phoenician) abecedary has been announced by archeologists with the Zeitah Excavations sponsored by Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. The website announcement states:

The New York Times broke the story of the Tel Zayit Inscription on November 9, 2005. On November 20, 2005, Dr. Tappy (Director of The Zeitah Excavations and G. Albert Shoemaker Professor of Bible and Archaeology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) and epigrapher P. Kyle McCarter (William Foxwell Albright Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Johns Hopkins University) will, respectively, describe the archaeology relating to the discovery of the stone and analyze the writing on it at the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature at the Philadelphia Convention Center in Pennsylvania. Their lecture is titled "The Tel Zayit Stone: A New Tenth-Century BCE Inscription from the Judaean Shephelah."

In addition, Professors Tappy and McCarter will present their lecture at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary on Thursday, December 8, at 7:30 p.m. in Hicks Memorial Chapel Auditorium. Admission is free and open to the public.

More details on this year’s meeting are available at SBL’s website. See here for other newspaper articles or go to PaleoJudaica.

GKC provides a Table of Alphabets showing the known Hebrew writing systems.

***UPDATE 2***
For more information: Go to the new DH post: Order and Origin of the Hebrew Alphabet.

***UPDATE 3***
AP pictures of the inscription are available at Codex Blogspot.

***UPDATE 4***
From SBL’s website (here):

The Tel Zayit Stone: A New Tenth-Century Inscription from the Judaean Shephelah
11/20/2005
7:00 PM to 8:30 PM
Room: Room 103-A - Pennsylvania Convention Center
A dramatic discovery punctuated this year’s excavation season at Tel Zayit, Israel, where The Zeitah Excavations recovered a large stone bearing an incised, two-line inscription. The special importance of the stone derives not only from its archaic alphabetic text, which hints at formal scribal training at the site, but also from its well-defined archaeological context in a structure dating securely to the tenth century BCE. The borderland site of Tel Zayit lies in the lowlands district of Judah, and in this period it exhibits strong links with the highland culture to the east, in the direction of Jerusalem, not with the coastal culture of the Philistine plain. The early appearance of literacy at Tel Zayit will surely play a pivotal role in the current discussion of the archaeology and history of Israel and Judah in the tenth century BCE.

Lawrence Stager, Harvard University, Presiding
Ron Tappy, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Panelist
P. Kyle McCarter, Johns Hopkins University, Panelist

***UPDATE 5***

Notes from SBL ASOR on the Tel Zayit Inscription from deinde blog.

***UPDATE 6***

More from the SBL session on Tel Zayit on Higgaion and PaleoJudaica.

***UPDATE 7***

Dr. Cathey’s and Paleojudica have reported about an interview with P. Kyle McCarter in the Johns Hopkins Gazette on the Tel-Zayit inscription. Quote from the article:

"Part of it has to do with the history of the alphabet itself," McCarter says. "The 10th century was the time when the Hebrew script was emerging as a distinct tradition." In fact, he says, a case can be made that the Tel Zayit stone is the oldest Hebrew inscription ever found.

Additionally, Kevin at biblicalia has some thoughts to contribute to the "Zayit debates".