DailyHebrew.com

The Google Blog announced today that Hebrew and Arabic are now supported by Gmail.  Enjoy!

וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ ׀ גֶּשׁ־הָ֗לְאָה וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙ וַיִּשְׁפֹּ֣ט שָׁפ֔וֹט עַתָּ֕ה נָרַ֥ע לְךָ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם וַיִּפְצְר֨וּ בָאִ֤ישׁ בְּלוֹט֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַֽיִּגְּשׁ֖וּ לִשְׁבֹּ֥ר הַדָּֽלֶת׃ 10 וַיִּשְׁלְח֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ אֶת־יָדָ֔ם וַיָּבִ֧יאוּ אֶת־ל֛וֹט אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַבָּ֑יְתָה וְאֶת־הַדֶּ֖לֶת סָגָֽרוּ׃ 11 וְֽאֶת־הָאֲנָשִׁ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֣תַח הַבַּ֗יִת הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים מִקָּטֹ֖ן וְעַד־גָּד֑וֹל וַיִּלְא֖וּ לִמְצֹ֥א הַפָּֽתַח׃

Vocabulary

Verse 9

            נגשׁ  verb (Qal imperative ms): “approach, come near”

            הלאה  “out there, onward” (BDB, 229)

            פצר  verb: “press” (BDB, 823)

            שׁבר  verb: “break, shatter”

            דלת  “door, gate”

Verse 10

            סגר  verb: “shut, close”

Verse 11

            סנורים  “sudden blindness” (BDB, 703)

            לאה  verb: “be weary” (BDB, 521)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 9

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ ׀ גֶּשׁ־הָ֗לְאָה): S-O
• The object clause is direct speech.
• Embedded Typology 1 (גֶּשׁ־הָ֗לְאָה):
• I-nun (R1 נ) verbs loose the first root radical in the imperative (called aphaeresis).  According to Gesenius, the imperative is more commonly formed with a paragogic he, גְּשָׁה (66c).
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙ וַיִּשְׁפֹּ֣ט שָׁפ֔וֹט עַתָּ֕ה נָרַ֥ע לְךָ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם): S-O
• The object clause is direct speech.
• Embedded Typology 1 (הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙): S-V
• A prefixed הָ ּ can mark the article or a demonstrative—“this.”
• Embedded Typology 2 (וַיִּשְׁפֹּ֣ט שָׁפ֔וֹט): V
• The infinitive absolute intensifies the waw-consecutive (GKC, 113r).
• The zaqeph marks the end of the clause.
• Embedded Typology 3 (עַתָּ֕ה נָרַ֥ע לְךָ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם): M-V-O
• The hireq of the מִן is lengthened to sere by compensatory lengthening.
• The comparative can be marked with a verbal followed by מִן.
• Sentence Typology 3 (וַיִּפְצְר֨וּ בָאִ֤ישׁ בְּלוֹט֙ מְאֹ֔ד): V-O-M
• The proper name, לוט, is appositional to אישׁ.
• Sentence Typology 4 (וַֽיִּגְּשׁ֖וּ לִשְׁבֹּ֥ר הַדָּֽלֶת): V-M
• The infinitive phrase is modifying the finite verb.
• Sentence Typology 1 (לִשְׁבֹּ֥ר הַדָּֽלֶת): V-O
• The word, דלת, plays a pivotal roll in this narrative occurring 18 times in chapter 19.

Verse 10

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיִּשְׁלְח֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ אֶת־יָדָ֔ם): V-S-O
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיָּבִ֧יאוּ אֶת־ל֛וֹט אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַבָּ֑יְתָה): V-O-IO
• The suffix, qames he, on בית “house” is the directive he.
• Sentence Typology 3 (וְאֶת־הַדֶּ֖לֶת סָגָֽרוּ): O-V

Verse 11

• Sentence Typology 1 (וְֽאֶת־הָאֲנָשִׁ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֣תַח הַבַּ֗יִת הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים מִקָּטֹ֖ן וְעַד־גָּד֑וֹל): O-V
• The word, הִכּוּ֙, comes from the Hiphil verbal root, נכה “smite.”
• The merismatic phrase, מִקָּטֹ֖ן וְעַד־גָּד֑וֹל, is similar to the one used in verse 4, מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן.
• Embedded Typoloy 1 (אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֣תַח הַבַּ֗יִת): S-P
• This relative clause is also a verbless clause.
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיִּלְא֖וּ לִמְצֹ֥א הַפָּֽתַח): V-M
• The infinitive phrase modifies the finite verb, לאה.
• Embedded Typology 1 (לִמְצֹ֥א הַפָּֽתַח): V-O

טֶרֶם֮ יִשְׁכָּבוּ֒ וְאַנְשֵׁ֨י הָעִ֜יר אַנְשֵׁ֤י סְדֹם֙ נָסַ֣בּוּ עַל־הַבַּ֔יִת מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן כָּל־הָעָ֖ם מִקָּצֶֽה׃ 5 וַיִּקְרְא֤וּ אֶל־לוֹט֙ וַיֹּ֣אמְרוּ ל֔וֹ אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָה הוֹצִיאֵ֣ם אֵלֵ֔ינוּ וְנֵדְעָ֖ה אֹתָֽם׃ 6 וַיֵּצֵ֧א אֲלֵהֶ֛ם ל֖וֹט הַפֶּ֑תְחָה וְהַדֶּ֖לֶת סָגַ֥ר אַחֲרָֽיו׃ 7 וַיֹּאמַ֑ר אַל־נָ֥א אַחַ֖י תָּרֵֽעוּ׃ 8 הִנֵּה־נָ֨א לִ֜י שְׁתֵּ֣י בָנ֗וֹת אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדְעוּ֙ אִ֔ישׁ אוֹצִֽיאָה־נָּ֤א אֶתְהֶן֙ אֲלֵיכֶ֔ם וַעֲשׂ֣וּ לָהֶ֔ן כַּטּ֖וֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶ֑ם רַ֠ק לָֽאֲנָשִׁ֤ים הָאֵל֙ אַל־תַּעֲשׂ֣וּ דָבָ֔ר כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן בָּ֖אוּ בְּצֵ֥ל קֹרָתִֽי׃

Vocabulary

Verse 4

            טרם  adverb: “not yet” (BDB, 382)

            שׁכב  verb: “lie down”

            סבב  verb (Niphal perfect 3mpl): “surround”

            קצה  “end, extremity”

Verse 5

            איה  “where?” (BDB, 32)

Verse 6

            פתח  “door, doorway, opening”

            דלת  “door, gate”

            סגר  verb: “shut, close”

Verse 7

            רעע  verb (Hiphil jussive 3mpl): “act wickedly, do evil”

Verse 8

            אל  “these” (BDB, 41)

            עַל־כֵּן  “therefore”

            צל  “protection, shadow”

            קורה  “roof” (BDB, 900)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 4

• Sentence Typology 1 (טֶרֶם֮ יִשְׁכָּבוּ֒): M-V
• The adverb, טֶרֶם, is best understood temporally—“before” (cf. GKC 107c).
• Sentence Typology 2 (וְאַנְשֵׁ֨י הָעִ֜יר אַנְשֵׁ֤י סְדֹם֙ נָסַ֣בּוּ עַל־הַבַּ֔יִת מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן כָּל־הָעָ֖ם מִקָּצֶֽה): S-V-O
• The initial waw continues the temporal idea “when” from the previous clause.
• The construct phrase, אַנְשֵׁ֨י הָעִ֜יר, is appositional to אַנְשֵׁ֤י סְדֹם֙.
• The sequencing of וְ … מִן is merismatic, “from young to old.”
• The last phrase further explains that everyone was there through apposition, כָּל־הָעָ֖ם מִקָּצֶֽה “all the people from the ends [of the city].”

Verse 5

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיִּקְרְא֤וּ אֶל־לוֹט֙): V-IO-[O]
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיֹּ֣אמְרוּ ל֔וֹ אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָה הוֹצִיאֵ֣ם אֵלֵ֔ינוּ וְנֵדְעָ֖ה אֹתָֽם): V-IO-O
• The object is the quotation.
• Embedded Typology 1 (אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָה): S-P
• This verbless clause begins with an interrogative (i.e. question, where?).
• Embedded Typology 2 (בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָ): V-O-M
• The verb, בוא, can mean, “going away from,” or in this case, “coming.”
• The adverbial modifier, הַלָּ֑יְלָ, with the definite article means “tonight.”
• Sentence Typology 1 (הוֹצִיאֵ֣ם אֵלֵ֔ינוּ): V-O-IO
• יצא in the Hiphil, imperative form is “Bring.”
• Embeded Typology 4 (וְנֵדְעָ֖ה אֹתָֽם): V-O
• The verb, ידע, connotes “sexual relations” as in Genesis 4:1.

Verse 6

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיֵּצֵ֧א אֲלֵהֶ֛ם ל֖וֹט הַפֶּ֑תְחָה): V-O-S-M
• The final word is used adverbially with a directive he suffix, “at the door.”
• Sentence Typology 2 (וְהַדֶּ֖לֶת סָגַ֥ר אַחֲרָֽיו): O-V-M

Verse 7

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיֹּאמַ֑ר אַל־נָ֥א אַחַ֖י תָּרֵֽעוּ): V-O
• The object clause is direct speech.
• Sentence Typology 1 (אַל־נָ֥א אַחַ֖י תָּרֵֽעוּ):
• The negation, אַל, is used with a jussive (modal) form.
• The first person singular suffix attached to a plural noun is patah yod, אַחַי “my brothers.”

Verse 8

• Sentence Typology 1 (הִנֵּה־נָ֨א לִ֜י שְׁתֵּ֣י בָנ֗וֹת אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדְעוּ֙ אִ֔ישׁ): S-P
• This verse continues the quotation begun in verse seven.
• In English, one might render “there are to me two daughters” as “I have two daughters.”
• Embedded Typology 1 (אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדְעוּ֙ אִ֔ישׁ): V-O
• The relative particle, אשׁר, refers to the “two daughters.”
• Sentence Typology 2 (אוֹצִֽיאָה־נָּ֤א אֶתְהֶן֙ אֲלֵיכֶ֔ם): V-O-IO
• The word, אתהן, is the 3fs pronominal suffix attached to the direct object marker, אֵת.
• Sentence Typology 1 (וַעֲשׂ֣וּ לָהֶ֔ן כַּטּ֖וֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶ֑ם): V-O-M
• The word, להן, is the 3fs pronominal suffix attached to the lamed preposition.
• Sentence Typology 3 (רַ֠ק לָֽאֲנָשִׁ֤ים הָאֵל֙ אַל־תַּעֲשׂ֣וּ דָבָ֔ר): M-IO-V-O
• The phrase begins with an adverbial restriction, רַק  “only, lest.”
• The adjective follows the noun agreeing in gender, number and definiteness, לָֽאֲנָשִׁ֤ים הָאֵל֙, is “these men.”
• The word, דָּבָר, can mean word, matter or deed.
• Sentence Typology 4 (כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן בָּ֖אוּ בְּצֵ֥ל קֹרָתִֽי): V

·        The pronominal suffix on the final word is1cs.

וַ֠יָּבֹאוּ שְׁנֵ֨י הַמַּלְאָכִ֤ים סְדֹ֙מָה֙ בָּעֶ֔רֶב וְל֖וֹט יֹשֵׁ֣ב בְּשַֽׁעַר־סְדֹ֑ם וַיַּרְא־לוֹט֙ וַיָּ֣קָם לִקְרָאתָ֔ם וַיִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָה׃ 2 וַיֹּ֜אמֶר הִנֶּ֣ה נָּא־אֲדֹנַ֗י ס֣וּרוּ נָ֠א אֶל־בֵּ֨ית עַבְדְּכֶ֤ם וְלִ֙ינוּ֙ וְרַחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵיכֶ֔ם וְהִשְׁכַּמְתֶּ֖ם וַהֲלַכְתֶּ֣ם לְדַרְכְּכֶ֑ם וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ לֹּ֔א כִּ֥י בָרְח֖וֹב נָלִֽין׃ 3 וַיִּפְצַר־בָּ֣ם מְאֹ֔ד וַיָּסֻ֣רוּ אֵלָ֔יו וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ אֶל־בֵּית֑וֹ וַיַּ֤עַשׂ לָהֶם֙ מִשְׁתֶּ֔ה וּמַצּ֥וֹת אָפָ֖ה וַיֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃

Vocabulary

Verse 1

            סדם  name: “Sodom”

            ערב  “evening”

            השׁתחוה  verb (waw-consecutive imperfect 3ms): “bow oneself down, worship”

Verse 2

            סור = שור verb (Qal imperative mpl): “turn aside”

            לון  verb (Qal imperative mpl): “lodge, spend the night”

            רחץ  verb (Qal imperative mpl): “wash, bathe”

            שׁכם  verb (Hiphil waw-consecutive perfect 2mpl): “rise early”

            רחוב  “plaza, open place” (BDB, 932)

Verse 3

            פצר  verb: “urge” (BDB, 823)

            משׁתה  “meal, drink, feast” (BDB, 1059)

            מצה  “unleavened bread”

            אפה  verb: “bake” (BDB, 66)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 1

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַ֠יָּבֹאוּ שְׁנֵ֨י הַמַּלְאָכִ֤ים סְדֹ֙מָה֙ בָּעֶ֔רֶב): V-S
• The suffixed ה on the proper name, סְדֹ֙מָה֙, is the directive he.
• Sentence Typology 2 (וְל֖וֹט יֹשֵׁ֣ב בְּשַֽׁעַר־סְדֹ֑ם): S-V
• The waw disjunctive, וְל֖וֹט, marks this clause as a parenthetical or background remark (cf. GKC 141e).
• The verb is a periphrastic construction without an explicit היה.
• Sentence Typology 3 (וַיַּרְא־לוֹט֙): V-S
• The sequencing of waw + verb continues the narrative from the first clause.
• Sentence Typology 4 (וַיָּ֣קָם לִקְרָאתָ֔ם): V-M
• The subject, לוט, is continued from the last clause.
• The 3mpl suffix refers to the מלאכים.
• Sentence Typology 5 (וַיִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָה): V-M
• The adverbial modifier, אַפַּ֖יִם, may be rendered “with face (nostrils).”
• The suffixed ה on  is the directive he—“to the ground.”

Verse 2

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיֹּ֜אמֶר הִנֶּ֣ה נָּא־אֲדֹנַ֗י ס֣וּרוּ נָ֠א אֶל־בֵּ֨ית עַבְדְּכֶ֤ם וְלִ֙ינוּ֙ וְרַחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵיכֶ֔ם וְהִשְׁכַּמְתֶּ֖ם וַהֲלַכְתֶּ֣ם לְדַרְכְּכֶ֑ם): V-O
• The object clause is the direct speech.
• Embedded Typology 1 (הִנֶּ֣ה נָּא־אֲדֹנַ֗י ס֣וּרוּ נָ֠א אֶל־בֵּ֨ית עַבְדְּכֶ֤ם): V-O
• Notice the deep rhetorical plea: נָ֠א … הִנֶּ֣ה נָּא (GKC 100 o).
• The first נָּא is connected to the preceding word with a conjunctive dagesh (GKC 20d).
• The suffix of אדון is 1cpl, אֲדֹנַי “my lords,” and not אֲדֹנָי “Lord.”
• Embedded Typology 2 (וְלִ֙ינוּ֙): V
• Embedded Typology 3 (וְרַחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵיכֶ֔ם): V-O
• Embedded Typology 4 (וְהִשְׁכַּמְתֶּ֖ם): V
• Embedded Typology 4 (וַהֲלַכְתֶּ֣ם לְדַרְכְּכֶ֑ם): V-M
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ לֹּ֔א כִּ֥י בָרְח֖וֹב נָלִֽין): V-O
• The object clause is a quotation.
• Embedded Typology 1 (לֹּ֔א כִּ֥י בָרְח֖וֹב נָלִֽין):
• The negative stands on its own (GKC 150n) or as an absolute negative (GKC 152c) with the adversative explanation following כִּי (GKC 163a).

Verse 3

• Sentence Typology 1 (וַיִּפְצַר־בָּ֣ם מְאֹ֔ד): V-O-M
• The object is marked by beth preposition.
• Sentence Typology 2 (וַיָּסֻ֣רוּ אֵלָ֔יו): V-O
• Sentence Typology 3 (וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ אֶל־בֵּית֑וֹ): V-O
• Sentence Typology 4 (וַיַּ֤עַשׂ לָהֶם֙ מִשְׁתֶּ֔ה): V-IO-O
• Sentence Typology 5 (וּמַצּ֥וֹת אָפָ֖ה): O-V
• Sentence Typology 6 (וַיֹּאכֵֽלוּ): V

וַיִּקַּ֨ח תֶּ֜רַח אֶת־אַבְרָ֣ם בְּנ֗וֹ וְאֶת־ל֤וֹט בֶּן־הָרָן֙ בֶּן־בְּנ֔וֹ וְאֵת֙ שָׂרַ֣י כַּלָּת֔וֹ אֵ֖שֶׁת אַבְרָ֣ם בְּנ֑וֹ וַיֵּצְא֨וּ אִתָּ֜ם מֵא֣וּר כַּשְׂדִּ֗ים לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ אַ֣רְצָה כְּנַ֔עַן וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ עַד־חָרָ֖ן וַיֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם׃ 32 וַיִּהְי֣וּ יְמֵי־תֶ֔רַח חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּמָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּ֥מָת תֶּ֖רַח בְּחָרָֽן׃ ס

Vocabulary

Verse 31

            כלה  noun: “daughter-in-law” (BDB, 483)

            כנען  name: “Canaan”

            חרן  name: “Haran”

            אור  name: “Ur”

            כשֹדים  name: “Chaldea”

            ישׁב  verb (Qal waw-consecutive imperfect 3mpl): “dwell”

Verse 32

            חמשׁ  cardinal number: “five”

            מאתים  number (plural of מאה “one hundred”): “two hundred”

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 31

• Clause Typology 1 (וַיִּקַּ֨ח תֶּ֜רַח אֶת־אַבְרָ֣ם בְּנ֗וֹ וְאֶת־ל֤וֹט בֶּן־הָרָן֙ בֶּן־בְּנ֔וֹ וְאֵת֙ שָׂרַ֣י כַּלָּת֔וֹ אֵ֖שֶׁת אַבְרָ֣ם בְּנ֑וֹ): V-S-O
• The verb, לקח, behaves like a R1 נ verb in the imperfect.
• The familial relations of the individuals are presented by appositional phrases.
• Clause Typology 2 (וַיֵּצְא֨וּ אִתָּ֜ם מֵא֣וּר כַּשְׂדִּ֗ים לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ אַ֣רְצָה כְּנַ֔עַן): V-M
• The subject 3mpl is inexplicit within this clause but is assumed to be the individuals mentioned in the previous clause.
• The אֵת in this clause is the preposition—it is distinguishable in this form with the suffix from the definite direct object marker, which would be אֹתָם.
• A proper noun may be the head noun in a construct relationship as in אור כשדים above.
• Infinitive Typology A (לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ אַ֣רְצָה כְּנַ֔עַן): V-M
• Unless otherwise indicated, an infinitive takes the subject of the preceding finite verb.
• Third he (R3 ה) verbs have bi-radical imperatives and form their infinitive constructs by adding ת with segholate pointing.
• The unaccented suffixed ָה of ארץ is called a directive he (a.k.a. locative he or adverbial accusitive) indicating the goal of movement, “toward the land.”  Since it is unaccented, it is distinguished from the accented 3fs pronominal suffix of the same form.
• The dagesh in the kaf of כנען is unusual; one would expect it to be absent (cf. GKC 20f)
• Clause Typology 3 (וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ עַד־חָרָ֖ן): V-M
• The waw-consecutive verbal forms continue the narrative sequence.
• Clause Typology 4 (וַיֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם): V-M

Verse 32

• Clause Typology 1 (וַיִּהְי֣וּ יְמֵי־תֶ֔רַח חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּמָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה): V-S-O
• The construct phrase ימי תרח is the subject of the clause (יְמֵי is the plural construct of יוֹם).
• The repetition of שָׁנָה “year(s)” is superfluous.
• Clause Typology 2 (וַיָּ֥מָת תֶּ֖רַח בְּחָרָֽן): V-S-M
• The small ס, the abbreviation for the Aramaic word סְתוּמָא, at the end of the line in BHS indicates a short space, or closed paragraph, in the Leningradensis B19a codex.  Similarly, a פ, for פְּתוּחָא, indicates an open paragraph or the start of a new line.