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וַיֵּ֨צְא֜וּ נֹגְשֵׂ֤י הָעָם֙ וְשֹׁ֣טְרָ֔יו וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָעָ֖ם לֵאמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה אֵינֶ֛נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן׃ 11 אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵאֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר׃ 12 וַיָּ֥פֶץ הָעָ֖ם בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לְקֹשֵׁ֥שׁ קַ֖שׁ לַתֶּֽבֶן׃ 13 וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים אָצִ֣ים לֵאמֹ֑ר כַּלּ֤וּ מַעֲשֵׂיכֶם֙ דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּיוֹמ֔וֹ כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר בִּהְי֥וֹת הַתֶּֽבֶן׃ 14 וַיֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣מוּ עֲלֵהֶ֔ם נֹגְשֵׂ֥י פַרְעֹ֖ה לֵאמֹ֑ר מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם לִלְבֹּן֙ כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם׃

Vocabulary

Verse 10

            נגשׁ  “taskmaster” (BDB, 620)

שׁטר  “officer” (BDB, 1009)

            תבן  “straw” (BDB, 1061)

Syntax & Miscellaneous

• When the second element of a construct phrase is definite, the entire phrase is definite; hence, הָעָם is translated as “the taskmasters of the people” (GKC 127).
• The negative existence predicator, אֵין, (with a 1cs pronominal suffix functioning as the clause subject; GKC 152m) sequenced with the participle, נֹתֵן, is periphrastic.  There are more than 200 occurrences of this grammatical construction in the MT (33x in the Pentateuch—Genesis 20:7, 30:1, 41:8, 24, 39, 43:5; Exodus 3:2, 5:10-11, 16, 8:17, 12:30, 22:9, 33:15; Lev. 11:4, 26, 14:21, 26:6, 17, 36; Numbers 27:17; Deuteronomy 1:32, 4:12, 22, 8:15, 21:18, 20, 22:27, 28:26, 29, 31, 68, 32:39).
• The sentence typology of the quotation is S-V_phrase-IO-O.

Vocabulary

Verse 11

            תבן  “straw” (BDB, 1061)

            מאשׁר  “from wherever” (BDB, 84; GKC 138e)

            גרע  verb (Niphal participle ms): “be withdrawn” (BDB, 175)

Verse 12

            פוץ  verb (Hiphil waw-consecutive imperfect 3ms): “scatter”

            קשׁשׁ  verb (Po’el infinitive construct): “gather stubble” (BDB, 905)

            קשׁ  “stubble” (BDB, 905)

            תבן  “straw” (BDB, 1061)

Verse 13

            נגשׁ  “taskmaster” (BDB, 620)

            אוץ  verb (Qal participle ms): “press” (BDB, 21)

            תבן  “straw” (BDB, 1061)

Verse 14

שׁטר  “officer” (BDB, 1009)

ויכו  verb (Hophal waw-consecutive imperfect 3mpl from נכה): “be beaten”

נגשׁ  “taskmaster” (BDB, 620)

חק  noun: “amount due, prescribed duty”

            לבן  verb: “make brick” (BDB, 527)

            תמול  “yesterday, formerly” (BDB, 1069)

            שׁלשֹם  “three days ago” (BDB, 1026)

Syntax & Misc.

Verse 11

• The common grammatical construction—double imperatives without intervening waw—usually links a verb of motion (e.g. הלך, בוא, קום, ירד) with another command to express durative action.  Also found in Exodus 4:19, 5:18; 6:11, 8:21, 9:19, 10:8, 24, 12:31, 17:9, 19:21, 24, 32:1, 7, 34, 33:1 (more than 250x in MT).
• A negative particle sequenced with דָּבָר means “nothing” (regularly with negative לֹא cf. 1 Kings 5:7, 10:3; Isaiah 39:2; Jeremiah 42:4 or with אֵין cf. Numbers 20:19; 1 Samuel 20:21).

Verse 12

• The Po’el (or Poel) verbal stem occurs as a replacement for the causative Piel with geminate and hollow roots (original ו).  The passive is Po’al and reflexive Hithpo’el.  GKC 55c states: “[Po’el] expresses an aim or endeavour to perform the action.”

Verse 13

• The idiom, דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּיוֹמ֔וֹ, means “daily work” or possibly “daily amount.”
• The beth preposition, בִּהְי֥וֹת, is temporal “when.”

Verse 14

• The relative clause, אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣מוּ עֲלֵהֶ֔ם נֹגְשֵׂ֥י פַרְעֹ֖ה, modifies the clause subject, שׁטר.
• The idiom, תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם “three days ago,” refers to the day before yesterday.
• Two phrases sequencing גַם … גַם should be understood as “either … or” (BDB, 168).

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